Reading skill Essay Essay Example

Reading skill Essay Essay Foregrounding or Underscoring Key Ideas When you highlight or underline cardinal words and thoughts. you are placing the most of import parts of the text. There’s an of import accomplishment at work here: You can’t highlight or underline everything. so you have to separate between the facts and thoughts that are most of import ( major thoughts ) and those facts and thoughts that are helpful but non so of import ( minor or back uping thoughts ) . Highlight merely the major thoughts. so you don’t stop up with a text that’s wholly highlighted. An efficaciously highlighted text will do for an easy and fruitful reappraisal. When you jump back. you’ll be We will write a custom essay sample on Reading skill Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Reading skill Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Reading skill Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer rapidly reminded of the thoughts that are most of import to retrieve. Highlighting or underscoring major points as you read besides allows you to retain more information from the text. Skim in front and leap back. Mark up the text. Make speci? hundred observations about the text. Planing Ahead and Jumping Back Skimming in front enables you to see what’s coming up in your reading. Page through the text you’re about to read. Notice how the text is broken down. what the chief subjects are. and the order in which they are covered. Notice cardinal words and thoughts that are boldfaced. bulleted. boxed. or otherwise highlighted. Planing through the text beforehand will fix you for what you are about to read. It’s a batch like look intoing out the hills and curves in the class before a cross-country race. If you know what’s in front. you know how to gait yourself. so you’re prepared to manage what’s to come. When you? nish your reading. leap back. Review the sum-ups. headers. and highlighted information in the text. Notice both what the writer highlighted and what you highlighted. By leaping back. you help solidify in your head the thoughts and information you merely read. You’re reminded of how each thought? T into the whole. how ideas and information are connected. When you make connexions between thoughts. you’re much more likely to retrieve them. Circling Unfamiliar Words One of the most of import wonts to develop is that of circling and looking up unfamiliar words and phrases. If possible. don’t sit down to read without a dictionary by your side. It is non uncommon for the significance of an full sentence to hinge on the significance of a individual word or phrase. and if you don’t cognize what that word or phrase agencies. you won’t understand the sentence. Besides. this wont enables you to rapidly and steadily spread out your vocabulary. so you’ll be a more con? dent reader and talker. If you don’t hold a dictionary readily available. attempt to find the significance of the word as best you can from its context—that is. the words and thoughts around it. ( There’s more on this subject in Lesson 3. ) Then. do certain you look up the word every bit shortly as possible so you’re sure of its significance. Taging Up the Text Marking up the text creates a direct physical nexus between you and the words you’re reading. It forces you to pay closer attending to the words you read and takes you to a higher degree of comprehension. Use these three schemes to tag up text: ten – HOW TO USE THIS BOOK – Making Marginal Notes Recording your inquiries and reactions in the borders turns you from a inactive receiving system of information into an active participant in a duologue. ( If you’re reading a library book. compose your reactions in a notebook. ) You will acquire much more out of the thoughts and information you read about if you create a â€Å"conversation† with the author. Here are some illustrations of the sorts of reactions you might compose down in the border or in your notebook:  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Making Observations Good readers know that authors use many different schemes to show their thoughts. Even if you know really small about those schemes. you can do utile observations about what you read to better understand and retrieve the author’s thoughts. You can detect. for illustration. the author’s pick of words ; the construction of the sentences and paragraphs ; any repeat of words or thoughts ; of import inside informations about people. topographic points. and things ; and so on. This step—making observations—is indispensable because your observations ( what you notice ) lead you to logical illations about what you read. Inferences are decisions based on ground. fact. or grounds. You are invariably doing illations based on your observations. even when you’re non reading. For illustration. if you notice that the sky is full of dark. heavy clouds. you might deduce that it is traveling to rain ; if you notice that your coworker has a stack of gardening books on her desk. you might deduce that she likes horticulture. If you misunderstand what you read. it is frequently because you haven’t looked closely adequate at the text. As a consequence. you base your illations on your ain thoughts and experiences. non on what’s really written in the text. You end up coercing your ain thoughts on the writer ( instead than listening to what the writer has to state ) and so organizing your ain thoughts about it. It’s critical. so. that you begin to truly pay attending to what authors say and how they say it. If any of this sounds confounding now. don’t concern. Each of these thoughts will be exhaustively explained in the lessons that follow. In the interim. get down practising active reading as best you can. Get down by taking the pretest. Questions frequently come up when you read. They may be answered subsequently in the text. but by that clip. you may hold forgotten the inquiry! And if your inquiry isn’t answered. you may desire to discourse it with person: â€Å"Why does the author describe the new public assistance policy as ‘unfair’ ? † or â€Å"Why does the character react in this manner? † Agreements and dissensions with the writer are bound to originate if you’re actively reading. Write them down: â€Å"That’s non needfully true! † or â€Å"This policy makes a batch of sense to me. † Connections you note can be either between the text and something that you read earlier or between the text and your ain experience. For illustration. â€Å"I remember experiencing the same manner when I. . . † or â€Å"This is similar to what happened in China. † Evaluations are your manner of maintaining the writer honest. If you think the writer isn’t supplying suf? cient support for what he or she is stating or that there’s something incorrect with that support. say so: â€Å"He says the dropping of the bomb was inevitable. but he doesn’t explain why† or â€Å"This is a really sel? sh ground. † eleven READING COMPREHENSION SUCCESS IN 20 MINUTES A DAY Pretest B efore you start your survey of reading accomplishments. you may desire to acquire an thought of how much you already cognize and how much you need to larn. If that’s the instance. take the pretest that follows. The pretest consists of 50 multiple-choice inquiries covering all the lessons in this book. Naturally. 50 inquiries can’t screen every individual construct or scheme you will larn by working through this book. So even if you get all the inquiries on the pretest right. it’s about guaranteed that you will? nd a few thoughts or reading tactics in this book that you didn’t already know. On the other manus. if you get many inquiries wrong on this pretest. don’t desperation. This book will demo you how to read more efficaciously. measure by measure. You should utilize this pretest to acquire a general thought of how much you already know. If you get a high mark. you may be able to pass less clip with this book than you originally planned. If you get a low mark. you may? nd that you will necessitate more than 20 proceedingss a twenty-four hours to acquire through each chapter and better your reading accomplishments. There’s an reply sheet you can utilize for? lling in the right replies on page 3. Or. if you prefer. merely circle the reply Numberss in this book. If the book doesn’t belong to you. compose the Numberss 1–50 on a piece of paper and enter your replies at that place. Take as much clip as you need to make this short trial. When you? nish. look into your replies against the reply key at the terminal of this lesson. Each reply offers the lesson ( s ) in this book that teaches you about the reading scheme in that inquiry. 1 – LEARNINGEXPRESS ANSWER SHEET – 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B degree Celsius degree Celsius c hundred degree Celsiuss c hundred degree Celsiuss c hundred degree Celsiuss c hundred degree Celsiuss c hundred degree Celsius vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B 3 degree Celsius degree Celsius c hundred degree Celsiuss c hundred degree Celsiuss c hundred degree Celsiuss c hundred degree Celsiuss c hundred degree Celsius vitami n D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B degree Celsius degree Celsius c hundred degree Celsiuss c hundred degree Celsiuss c hundred degree Celsiuss c hundred degree Celsiuss c hundred vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D vitamin D – PRETEST – Pretest The pretest consists of a series of reading transitions with inquiries that follow to prove your comprehension. Cultural Center Adds Classes for Young Adults The Allendale Cultural Center has expanded its humanistic disciplines plan to include categories for immature grownups. Director Leah Martin announced Monday that get downing in September. three new categories will be offered to the Allendale community. The class rubrics will be Yoga for Teenagers ; Hip Hop Dance: Learning the Latest Moves ; and Creative Journaling for Teens: Detecting the Writer Within. The latter class will non be held at the Allendale Cultural Center but alternatively will run into at the Allendale Public Library. Staff member Tricia Cousins will learn the yoga and hip hop categories. Ms. Cousins is an complete choreographer every bit good as an experient dance pedagogue. She has an MA in dance instruction from Teachers College. Columbia University. where she wrote a thesis on the pedagogical effectivity of dance instruction. The journaling category will be taught by Betsy Milford. Ms. Milford is the caput bibliothec at the Allendale Public Library every bit good as a editorialist for the professional diary Library Focus. The classs are portion of the Allendale Cultural Center’s Project Teen. which was initiated by Leah Martin. Director of the Cultural Center. Harmonizing to Martin. this undertaking is a direct consequence of her attempts to do the centre a more built-in portion of the Allendale community. Over the last several old ages. the figure of people who have visited the cultural centre for categories or events has steadily declined. Undertaking Teen is chiefly funded by a muni? cent grant from The McGee Arts Foundation. an organisation devoted to conveying humanistic disciplines plans to immature grownups. Martin oversees the Project Teen board. which consists of? ve board members. Two board members are pupils at Allendale’s Brookdale High School ; the other three are grownups with backgrounds in instruction and the humanistic disciplines. The originative journaling category will be cosponsored by Brookdale High School. and pupils who complete the category will be given the chance to print one of their journal entries in Pulse. Brookdale’s pupil literary magazine. Students who complete the hip hop category will be eligible to take part in the Allendale Review. an one-year concert sponsored by the cultural centre that features local histrions. instrumentalists. and terpsichoreans. All categories are scheduled to get down instantly following school dismissal. and transit will be available from Brookdale High School to the Allendale Cultural Center and the Allendale Public Library. For more information about Project Teen. reach the cultural center’s scheduling of? Ce at 988-0099 or bead by the of? Ce after June 1 to pick up a autumn class catalog. The of? Ce is located on the 3rd? oor of the Allendale Town Hall. 2. Which of the undermentioned statements is right? a. Tricia Cousins will learn two of the new categories. B. The new categories will get down on June 1. c. Peoples who want a complete autumn catalogue should halt by the Allendale Public Library. d. The cultural center’s one-year concert is called Pulse. 1. The Creative Journaling for Teens category will be cosponsored by a. The Allendale Public Library. B. The McGee Arts Foundation. c. Brookdale High School. d. Betsy Milford. 5 – PRETEST – 6. The rubric of the class â€Å"Creative Journaling for Teens: Detecting the Writer Within† implies that a. all immature people should compose in a journal day-to-day. b. adolescents do non hold adequate avocations. c. composing in a diary can assist adolescents go better and more originative authors. d. adolescents are in demand of counsel and way. 3. Harmonizing to Leah Martin. what was the direct cause of Project Teen? a. Tricia Cousins. the gifted choreographer and dance pedagogue. was available to learn classs in the autumn. B. Community organisations were disregarding local adolescents. c. The McGee Arts Foundation wanted to be more involved in Allendale’s humanistic disciplines programming. d. She wanted to do the cultural centre a more of import portion of the Allendale community. 7. Which of the following right states the primary topic of this article? a. Leah Martin’s personal thoughts about immature grownups B. The McGee Foundation’s grant to the Allendale Cultural Center c. three new categories for immature grownups added to the cultural center’s humanistic disciplines plan d. the demands of immature grownups in Allendale 4. Which of the undermentioned factors is implied as another ground for Project Teen? a. The figure of people who have visited the cultural centre has declined over the last several old ages. B. The cultural centre wanted a grant from The McGee Arts Foundation. c. The immature people of Allendale have complained about the cultural center’s offerings. d. Leah Martin thinks categories for adolescents are more of import than categories for grownups. 8. This article is organized in which of the following ways? a. in chronological order. from the yesteryear to the hereafter b. most of import information? rst. followed by background and inside informations. c. background? rst. followed by the most of import information and inside informations. d. as sensational intelligence. with the most controversial subject? rst 5. From the context of the transition. it can be determined that the word â€Å"muni? cent† most about means a. complicated. b. generous. c. funny. d. unusual. 6 – PRETEST – ( extract from the gap of an ignoble essay ) John Steinbeck’s Grapes of Wrath. published in 1939. was followed ten old ages subsequently by A. B. Guthrie’s The Way West. Both books chronicle a migration. though that of Guthrie’s innovators is well less black in beginning. What strikes one at? rst glimpse. nevertheless. are the commonalties. Both Steinbeck’s and Guthrie’s characters are chiefly husbandmans. They look to their finishs with about spiritual enthusiasm. conceive ofing their â€Å"promised† land the manner the Biblical Israelites envisioned Canaan. Both undergo great adversity to do the trek. But the two sagas differ clearly in beginning. Steinbeck’s Oklahomans are forced off their land by the Bankss who own their mortgages. and they follow a false promise—that occupations await them as seasonal labourers in California. Guthrie’s husbandmans volitionally remove themselves. selling their land and merchandising their old dreams for their new hope in Oregon. The pioneers’ determination to go forth their farms in Missouri and the East is frivolous and ill-founded in comparing with the Oklahomans’ unwilling response to supplanting. Yet. it is they. the innovators. whom our history books declare the heroes. 11. Which of the undermentioned extracts from the essay is an sentiment. instead than a fact? a. â€Å"Both Steinbeck’s and Guthrie’s characters are chiefly husbandmans. † B. â€Å"Steinbeck’s Oklahomans are forced off their land by the Bankss who own their mortgages†¦Ã¢â‚¬  c. â€Å"John Steinbeck’s Grapes of Wrath. published in 1939. was followed ten old ages subsequently by A. B. Guthrie’s The Way West. † d. â€Å"The pioneers’ determination to go forth their farms in Missouri and the East is frivolous and ill-founded in comparing with the Oklahomans’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  9. From the context of the transition. it can be determined that the word â€Å"frivolous† most about agencies a. silly. b. exalted. c. dif? cult. d. calculated. 10. Suppose that the writer is sing following this sentence with supportive item: â€Å"Both undergo great adversity to do the trek. † Which of the undermentioned sentences would be in maintaining with the comparing and contrast construction of the paragraph? a. The migrators in The Way West cross the Missouri. so the Kaw. and do their manner overland to the Platte. B. The Oklahomans’ buss break down repeatedly. while the pioneers’ waggons need frequent fixs. c. Today’s travellers would see it a adversity to pass several yearss. allow alone several months. acquiring anyplace. d. The Joad household. in The Grapes of Wrath. loses both grandma and gramps before the journey is complete. 12. The linguistic communication in the paragraph implies that which of the followers will go on to the Oklahomans when they arrive in California? a. They will? nd a agency to pattern their faith freely. B. They will be declared national heroes. c. They will non? nd the occupations they were promised. d. They will do their lifes as mechanics instead than as farm labourers. 7 – PRETEST – Bill Clinton’s Inaugural Address ( extract from the gap ) When George Washington? rst took the curse I have merely sworn to continue. intelligence traveled easy across the land by horseback and across the ocean by boat. Now the sights and sounds of this ceremonial are broadcast outright to one million millions around the universe. Communications and commercialism are planetary. Investing is nomadic. Technology is about charming. and aspiration for a better life is now cosmopolitan. We earn our support in America today in peaceable competition with people all across the Earth. Profound and powerful forces are agitating and refashioning our universe. and the pressing inquiry of our clip is whether we can do alter our friend and non our enemy. This new universe has already enriched the lives of 1000000s of Americans who are able to vie and win in it. But when most people are working harder for less ; when others can non work at all ; when the cost of health care devastates households and threatens to ruin our endeavors. great and little ; when the fright of offense robs observant citizens of their freedom ; and when 1000000s of hapless kids can non even conceive of the lives we are naming them to take. we have non made alter our friend. 15. When President Clinton says that â€Å"most people are working harder for less. † he is a. making a sensible decision based on grounds he has provided. b. making an unreasonable decision based on grounds he has provided. c. doing a generalisation that would necessitate grounds before it could be con? rmed. d. doing a generalisation that is so obvious that grounds is non needed. 13. What is the cardinal subject of the address so far? a. how Americans can maintain up with planetary competition b. ways in which engineering has undermined our economic system c. ways in which engineering has improved our lives d. how alteration has affected America and our demand to accommodate 14. By comparing our times with those of George Washington. Bill Clinton demonstrates a. how seemingly different. but really similar. the two epochs are. b. how engineering has drastically speeded up communications. c. that presidential startups receive immense media attending. d. that telecasting is a much more convincing communications tool than print. 16. Assuming that Clinton wants to add something about offense being a more serious menace in our clip than in George Washington’s. which of the undermentioned sentences would be most consistent with the tone of the presidential address? a. If I’d been alive in George’s twenty-four hours. I would hold enjoyed cognizing that my married woman and kid could walk metropolis streets without being mugged. B. In George Washington’s clip. Americans may non hold enjoyed as many luxuries. but they could rest in the consciousness that their vicinities were safe. c. George could at least count on one thing. He knew that his household was safe from offense. d. A statistical analysis of the overall growing in offense rates since 1789 would uncover that a signi? cant addition has occurred. 8 – PRETEST – The Crossing Chapter I: The Blue Wall ( extract from the gap of a novel by Winston Churchill ) I was born under the Blue Ridge. and under that side which is bluish in the eventide visible radiation. in a wild land of game and wood and hotfooting Waterss. There. on the boundary lines of a brook that runs into the Yadkin River. in a cabin that was chinked with ruddy clay. I came into the universe a topic of King George the Third. in that portion of his kingdom known as the state of North Carolina. The cabin reeked of corn-pone and bacon. and the olfactory property of furs. It had two shakedowns. on one of which I slept under a bearskin. A unsmooth rock chimney was reared outside. and the? replace was every bit long as my male parent was tall. There was a Crane in it. and a bake boiler ; and over it great buckhorns held my father’s Rhode Island? vitamin E when it was non in usage. On other horns hung jerked bear’s meat and venison jambons. and calabashs for imbibing cups. and bags of seed. and my father’s best hunting shirt ; besides. in a ignored corner. several articles of woman’s garb from nog. These one time belonged to my female parent. Among them was a gown of silk. of a? Ne. faded form. over which I was wont to theorize. The adult females at the Cross-Roads. 12 stat mis off. were dressed in harsh white walnut wool and immense sunbonnets. But when I questioned my male parent on these affairs he would give me no replies. My male parent was—how shall I say what he was? To this twenty-four hours I can merely surmise many things of him. He was a Scotchman Born. and I know now that he had a little Scotch speech pattern. At the clip of which I write. my early childhood. he was a backwoodsman and huntsman. I can see him now. with his runing shirt and leggins and mocassins ; his pulverization horn. engraved with fantastic scenes ; his slug pouch and hatchet and runing knife. He was a tall. thin adult male with a strange. sad face. And he talked small save when he drank excessively many â€Å"horns. † as they were called in that state. These oversights of my father’s were a ageless beginning of admiration to me—and. I must state. of delectation. They occurred merely when a passing traveller who hit his illusion chanced that manner. or. what was about as rare. a neighbour. Many a winter dark I have lain awake under the teguments. listening to a? ow of linguistic communication that held me spellbound. though I understood scarce a word of it. â€Å"Virtuous and barbarous every adult male must be. Few in the extreme. but all in a grade. † The opportunity neighbour or traveller was no less smitten with admiration. And many the clip have I heard the question. at the Cross-Roads and elsewhere. â€Å"Whar Alec Trimble got his larnin’ ? † 18. Judging by the sentences environing it. the word â€Å"surmise† in the 3rd paragraph most about means a. to organize a negative sentiment. b. to praise. c. to want. d. to think. 17. Why did the storyteller enjoy it when his male parent drank excessively many â€Å"horns. † or bill of exchanges of spirits? a. The male parent spoke brightly at those times. B. The male child was so allowed to make as he pleased. c. These were the lone times when the male parent was non opprobrious. d. The male child was allowed to try the drink himself. 9 – PRETEST – 22. Which of the undermentioned adjectives best describes the part in which the cabin is located? a. remote b. urban c. agricultural d. ? at 19. The reference of the frock in the 2nd paragraph is most likely meant to a. demo the similarity between its proprietor and other members of the community. b. show how warm the clime was. c. show the unsimilarity between its proprietor and other members of the community. d. give us insight into the manner most of the adult females of the part dressed. 23. The writer most likely utilizations dialect when citing the inquiry. â€Å"Whar Alec Trimble got his larnin’ ? † in order to a. show disapproval of the father’s imbibing. b. demo how people talked down to the storyteller. c. show the speakers’ deficiency of instruction. d. mimic the manner the male parent talked. 20. It can be inferred from the transition that Alec Trimble is a. a traveller. b. a neighbour. c. the narrator’s male parent. d. a poet. 21. What is the significance of the lines of poetry quoted in the transition? a. Work force who pretend to be virtuous are really barbarous. B. Moderate sums of virtue and ferociousness are present in all work forces. c. Virtuous work forces can non besides be barbarous. d. Whether work forces are virtuous or barbarous depends on the dif? culty of their fortunes. 10 – PRETEST – ( extract from a missive to a pet-sitter ) Dear Lee. As I told you. I’ll be gone until Wednesday forenoon. Thank you so much for taking on my â€Å"children† while I’m off. Like existent kids. they can be sort of annoying sometimes. but I’m traveling to bask myself so much more wise they’re acquiring some sort human attending. Remember that Regina ( the â€Å"queen† in Latin. and she acts like one ) is teething. If you don’t watch her. she’ll chaw anything. including her sister. the cat. There are plentifulness of chaw playthings around the house. Whenever she starts gnawing on anything illegal. merely deviate her with one of those. She by and large settles right down to a good hour-long chaw. Then you’ll see her rolling around wailing with the remains of the plaything in her oral cavity. She gets truly frustrated because what she wants is to bury the thing. She’ll attempt to delve a hole between the shock absorbers of the sofa. Finding that unsatisfactory. she’ll wander some more. discontent. until you solve her job for her. I normally show her the wash basket. traveling a few apparels so she can bury her plaything beneath them. I do sound like a parent. don’t I? You have to understand. my ain boy is practically grown up. Regina’s nutrient is the Puppy Chow in the public-service corporation room. where the other favored nutrient is stored. Give her a bowl one time in the forenoon and one time in the eventide. No more than that. no affair how much she begs. Beagles are ill-famed overeaters. harmonizing to her breeder. and I don’t want her to lose her girlish? gure. She can portion Rex ( the King’s ) H2O. but be certain it’s changed daily. She needs to travel out several times a twenty-four hours. particularly last thing at dark and? rst thing in the forenoon. Let her remain out for approximately 10 proceedingss each clip. so she can make all her concern. She besides needs a walk in the afternoon. after which it’s of import to frolic with her for awhile in the pace. The game she loves most is fetch. but be certain to do her bead the ball. She’d instead play jerks of war with it. State her. â€Å"Sit! † Then. when she does. state. â€Å"Drop it! † Be certain to state her â€Å"good miss. † and so throw the ball for her. I hope you’ll bask these Sessionss every bit much as I do. Now. for the other two. Rex and Paws†¦ ( missive continues ) 26. Harmonizing to the writer. his or her fond regard to the pets derives at least partly from a. their regal lineages and royal bearing. b. holding few friends to go through the clip with. c. these peculiar animals’ exceeding demands. d. a desire to go on rearing. 24. The tone of this missive is best described as a. chatty and humourous. b. logical and precise. c. con? dent and trusting. d. condescending and preachy. 25. If the pet-sitter is a business-like professional who watches people’s pets for a life. she or he would probably prefer a. more? rst-person disclosures about the proprietor. b. fewer? rst-person disclosures about the proprietor. c. more congratulations for holding to watch the animate beings. d. greater item on the animals’ cute behaviour. 27. The information in the note is suf? cient to find that there are three animate beings. They are a. two cats and a Canis familiaris. b. three Canis familiariss. c. a Canis familiaris. a cat. and an unspeci? ed animate being. d. a cat. a Canis familiaris. and a parrot. 11 – PRETEST – 29. From the context of the note. it is most likely that the name â€Å"Rex†is a. Spanish. b. English. c. Gallic. d. Latin. 28. Given that there are three animate beings to feed. which of the undermentioned agreements of the eating instructions would be most ef? cient and easiest to follow? a. all given in one list. chronologically from forenoon to dark b. provided individually as they are for Regina. within separate transitions on each animate being c. given in the order of measures needed. the most to the least d. placed in the center of the missive. where they would be least likely to be overlooked. 30. If the Sitter is to follow the owner’s waies in playing fetch with Regina. at what point will he or she will state Regina â€Å"good girl† ? a. every clip Regina goes after the ball b. after Regina? nds the ball c. when Regina brings the ball back d. after Regina drops the ball ( extract from a pro-voting essay ) Vote is the privilege for which wars have been fought. protests have been organized. and columns have been written. â€Å"No revenue enhancement without representation† was a conflict call of the American Revolution. Women struggled for right to vote as did all minorities. Eighteen-year-olds clamored for the right to vote. stating that if they were old plenty to travel to war. they should be allowed to vote. Yet Americans have a distressing vote history. Interviewing people about their vote wonts is uncovering. There are persons who province that they have neer voted. Often. they claim that their single ballot doesn’t affair. Some people blame their absence from the voting booth on the fact that they do non cognize plenty about the issues. In a democracy. we can show our sentiments to our elective leaders. but more than half of us sometimes avoid taking the people who make the policies that affect our lives. 33. By taking the word â€Å"clamored. † the writer implies that a. eighteen-year-olds are by and large enthusiastic. b. vote was non a serious concern to eighteenyear-olds. c. eighteen-year-olds felt strongly that they should be allowed to vote. d. eighteen-year-olds do non manage themselves in an adult-like mode. 31. This statement relies chiefly on which of the following techniques to do its points? a. emotional averments b. researched facts in support of an averment c. emotional entreaties to electors d. emotional entreaties to nonvoters 32. Which of the undermentioned sentences best summarizes the chief thought of the transition? a. Americans are excessively lazy to vote. B. Women and minorities fought for their right to vote. c. Americans do non take vote earnestly plenty. d. Americans do non believe that elected of? cials take their sentiments earnestly. 12 – PRETEST – Improving Streamside Wildlife Habitats ( excerpt from Habitat Extension Bulletin distributed by the Wyoming Game and Fish Department ) Riparian flora [ the green set of flora along a watercourse ] can assist stabilise stream Bankss ; ? lter deposit from surface overflow ; and supply wildlife home ground. livestock eatage. and scenic value. Well-developed flora besides allows bank dirts to absorb excess H2O during spring overflow. let go ofing it subsequently during dry months. therefore bettering late-summer watercourse? ows. In many parts of the waterless West. trees and bushs are found merely in riparian countries. Woody workss are really of import as winter screen for many wildlife species. including highland game birds such as pheasants and Meleagris gallopavos. Often this winter screen is the greatest individual factor restricting game bird populations. Woody flora besides provides concealment screen and browse for many other species of birds and mammals. both game and nongame. Dead trees ( â€Å"snags† ) are an built-in portion of streamside home grounds and should be left standing whenever possible. Woodpeckers. nutcrackers. brown creepers. and other birds eat the insects that decompose the wood. These insects normally pose no menace to nearby life trees. Occasionally a disease being or abuse of pesticides will weaken or kill a base of trees. If several trees in a little country Begin to decease. reach your local extension agent instantly. 36. Assume that the writer has done some other composing on this subject for a different audience. The other piece Begins: â€Å"Remember the last clip you walked along a watercourse? No uncertainty thick flora prevented easy advancement. † What is the likely consequence on the reader of this gap? a. an aroused involvement. due to the mention to the reader’s personal experience b. bitterness. due to being addressed so personally c. loss of involvement. because the gap line makes no effort to pull the reader in d. confusion. because non every reader has walked along a watercourse 34. What is the consequence of the word pick â€Å"riparian† ?

Divorce and family deterioration essays

Divorce and family deterioration essays My mother was a loving housewife. With a great deal of patience, she diligently carried the weight of our needs on her strong shoulders. Like most women of her time it was the social norm for the husband to be the breadwinner and for the wife to take care of the home. These roles have changed over the years with the increased involvement of married women in the work force. The effects of a married womens employment can have adverse consequences that has lead to a rise in divorce and deterioration of the family household. Fighting for ones marriage was strongly encouraged in the past. Divorce was generally frowned upon like a sickness. Views regarding divorce have changed over the years. I can remember the advice my grandmother would give my mom whenever marital distraught threatened her life. She would tell mom, Hes your husband and you need to work things out! The ease of filing for divorce has become the immediate quick fix to the problems were facing today. My first marriage ended this way. It was so easy; my ex-wife simply did most of her filing over the internet. Laws have been set in place to make this process easier. For example, in the state of Florida its called Simplified Dissolution of Marriage. Unfortunately, divorce has become an accepted event in our society. Can we afford to ignore these factors? We should seriously consider the relationship between a working wifes financial independence and the availability to these simplified divorce procedures. Changes in economic conditions have shifted the emphasis from togetherness to an emphasis on individuality (Elkind, 1994). Married working women are less financially dependent of their husbands. I believe the traditional housewife was almost forced to make her marriage work. We can ask ourselves if an employed mother would work harder at saving her marriage than a fina ...

Habitus in the Modern World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Habitus in the Modern World - Essay Example "The struggle of social distinction, whatever its symbolic form, is for Bourdieu a fundamental dimension of all social life. The larger issue, then, is one of power relations among individuals, groups and institutions (particularly the educational system). Indeed, for Bourdieu power is not a separate domain of study but stands at the heart of all social life" (6). To discover how power is regulated and dispersed throughout the sociological systems of human existence, Bourdieu strove throughout his life to discover the 'master' science that would unlock the codes of human behaviors regardless of culture or society. While sociological theories are often dedicated most stringently to the various hierarchies and power balances as they are found within the group structures, Bourdieu took his ideas further to explore how the various individuals within the group were typically provided their status and power, concentrating most especially upon how they learned the rules of the game when no rules, written or otherwise, are to be found. Within his work, Bourdieu struggled always to find a sort of 'master' science that would explain the various detailed elements of ever... y of the laws whereby structures tend to reproduce themselves by producing agents invested with the system of dispositions which is able to engender practices adapted to these structures and thus contribute to their production" (Bourdieu, 1973 cited in 7). This definition being about as convoluted as a pig's tail, what Bourdieu is essentially indicating is the process of regeneration of social institutions through imperfect repetition. A very simple, and perhaps not fully accurate, analogy to this process would be in the social system of an audience. As a collective group, the audience tends to encourage behaviors such as being silent, remaining attentive to what's happening on stage and clapping at the appropriate moments. This would be the first structure. This structure produces agents, the audience members, who are already predisposed to behave as an audience when the situation demands. As these individuals go into 'audience' mode in a given situation, they encourage others to be have in similar ways, thus contributing to their [the audience structure] production. While this establishes some of the mechanisms in place at the group level, it doesn't go far to explain the interrelationship between the group and the individual. For Bourdieu, the key question centered on discovering how individuals became members of groups, gaining their individual elements of power and status within that group, without any form of written or even informal rules. This was the key element of his research as he developed his conceptions of habitus, field and agency. By understanding the interrelated nature of Bourdieu's ideas concerning habitus, field and agency, it is possible to understand how his theories might be applied to current sociological concerns such as contemporary

Response letter to Simon Wiesenthal from the book Sunflower Essay

Response letter to Simon Wiesenthal from the book Sunflower - Essay Example I would have felt the same. Indeed, this question is hard to answer because I have no experience, although you have described the situation vividly. In addition, it is much easier to say yes and get done with it especially when you have not identified yourself in other people’s lives. I have understood why you cannot answer the request of the dying man. It is because you have so many burdens in your heart, and the wound is still fresh. The symbol of sunflower always reminds you the connection of living and the dead. Envy was in your heart because even though that man cannot claim for your forgiveness; there will be a sunflower on his tomb. Sunflower is also a reminder of the lives that had been taken due to Holocaust. During that time, when the man asked for your forgiveness, the measurement you used was the sunflower. It directs you to the decision you had made -- to be silent and walk away. Pain is extremely difficult to handle. It will haunt you even when you are asleep. Pain will make your dreams and hopes vanished. My criticism to your behavior will later lead to my answer to your question: Are the Nazis worthy of Jews’ forgiveness? In behalf of 6 million Jews that died, can I forgive that man who participated in eliminating my family, friends, and ra ce? When faith and moral values combine, the answer to that question is yes. Within the context of your story, you have never found absolute peace because even at the end of your life, you will ask a similar question. Although you have been called as the conscience of the Holocaust, your past decision haunts you. Forgiveness is the key to free yourself from the nightmare of the Holocaust. Moreover, forgiveness is associated with letting go. It does not signify that you will forget what had happened in the past, but freeing yourself from anger and hatred. It will lead to healing and restoring your stolen

Nursing Burnout Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Nursing Burnout - Essay Example Professionals providing healthcare services with particular emphasis on the nursing profession are known to be a group of professionals with a high potential for developing burnout (Garrosa et al, 2008). The health care services environment that the occupation of nursing functions in, is an environment that makes high demands on energy levels and different levels of competencies, poses challenges to the personal values and faith, and despite best efforts frequent loss of life of the patients. All these experiences of can contribute to burnout in a nursing professional (Ewing & Carter, 2004). Burnout among nursing professionals can severely compromise the quality of health care that health care seekers receive leading to poor outcomes, making burnout among nursing professionals an issue of serious concern to the health care service sector and society (Sahraian et al, 2008). From Ilhan et al, 2008 come the figures that it is estimated that nearly forty percent of the nursing professionals suffer from burnout, with about twenty percent of hospital nursing staff planning to give up work within a span of one year. Garrosa et al, 2008, however, provide a lower estimate of the extent of burnout among nursing professionals at twenty-five percent. Irrespective of the variance on these figures, the significant feature that stands out is the high prevalence of nursing providing support to the general belief that the nursing profession is highly susceptible to burn out. Nursing professionals function in different areas of medicine and there has been evidence to suggest that there is a variance in the prevalence of burnout among the different areas of medicine that the nursing professionals function in. Sahraian et al, 2008, in their examination of the levels of burnout in the areas of internal medicine, surgery, psychiatry and burn wards and the factors that contribute to it, show that

Theories of Religion: Emile Durkheim and Max Weber

Theories of Religion: Emile Durkheim and Max Weber The topic I have chosen to discuss is religion, as theorised by Emile Durkheim and Max Weber. Religion can be recognised in every culture around the world. Therefore, sociologists examine it in order to understand why religion and the beliefs and practices associated with religion, are so significant and the position they play within society (Macionis Plummer, 2008, p610). Durkheim and Weber both carried out their work around the turn of the 19th century. Both were gripped by the religion and its role in society (Nisbet, 1975). However, the both studied religion form two very different perspectives, although both thought in evolutionary terms (Parsons, 1964, p xxvii). Durkheim holds a collectivist view of society, exploring it from the perspective that religion has a cohesive effect on people through sharing values, symbols and social norms (Macionis and Plummer, 2008, p611). Weber on the other hand, has a more individualist perspective. He focused on the sociology of religion, such as the relationship between religious ideas and commitments, with other sociological aspects, such as human behaviour in relation to economics Parsons, 1964, p xx). Durkheim was born in 1958 in France. His work, centred around social change and industrial society, however, he became focused on social and moral order and how it was achieved and maintained in society. In particular, the transition between traditional society and modern society, and how this influences how social structures and relationships are adapted and maintained (Dillon, 2010 p79). Durkheim was interested in providing a scientific basis for sociology and defining sociology as field of study which he discusses in The Rules of Sociological Method (Calhoun, et, al., 2007, p 135). During his lifetime, he published extensively. The Division of Labour, where he examined social cohesion within the modern industrialise society. Suicide discussed diminishing social bonds in modern society, and this influences patterns of suicide. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life examines how the social origins and function of religion and beliefs associated with it, and how they are reinforced b y rituals and ceremonies (Calhoun, 2007, p136). Durkheim, along with Marx and Weber, is now seen as an extremely significant classical theorist, and has had an influence across many areas, such as education, religion, and health (Calhoun, 2007, p 133). Durkheim wrote extensively in the area of religion. He recognised that religion was a social concept that needed to be explored in and of itself, as a primitive and simple level. He looked to define religion which he concluded was a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral community called a Church, all those who adhere to them (Durkheim, 1976, p47). This definition suggests that religion is collective within society and should be examined in this way. He identified the functions of religion in society. According to Durkheim, religion is a social cohesive. If people share a religion, the shared beliefs values and symbols, they are united by these, therefore it religion as a cohesive among these people. He suggests that as a result of this, religion underlies our moral and emotional links with others. (Macionis Plummer, 2008, p611). He claimed that religion does not conflict with science. It is not there to enhance our knowledge, instead it is there in order to provide a guide for the way we act and live (Durkheim, 1976, p416). The primary intention of religion is to influence the moral of life (Durkheim, 1976, p420). Fundamentally, the task of religion is preserving a normal, positive life (Durkheim, 1976, p29). Durkheim also claims that we organize life into the sacred and the profane, and neither can exist without the other (Durkheim, 1976, p308). The sacred is defined as anything that is extraordinary and instils a sense of reverence and sometimes fear (Macionis Plummer, 2008, p611). Another function of religion, according to Durkheim, is that religion provides a sense of purpose, meaning and comfort (Macionis and Plummer, 2008, p612). Durkheim suggests it strengthens a persons moral and feeing of guardian support. It allows people to rise out of themselves, which then helps mould their action and behaviour, which results in the collective cohesive affect on society. This, he says, is how the social institution of religion works, therefore it is society itself that is the source of the action guided by religion (Durkheim, 1976, p418). He proposes that the dream of an ideal society, an idealistic society that would eliminate evil and sufferings, suggest religion, as this is what religion aims for. This indicates that religion suggests the ideals of society, instead of explaining it (Durkheim, 1976, p420). Durkheim studied religion from a collectivist perspective. He recognised that society was becoming more individualist, however he believed that this collectivist society still existed but in another form. He believed that the new individualist forms of religion were simply another form of collectivist forms in society (Durkheim, 1976, p425). He claimed that religious beliefs were not the individual, but were common beliefs belonging to a group united by these beliefs (Durkheim, 1976, p43). Durkheim also studied the social phenomena of religion in relation to how it constrains social behaviour (Dillon, 2010, p118). His view was that the religious symbols and imagery are used by society to encourage conformity, and instil these into cultural norms. Religion is used in order to justify these cultural norms, for example, norms surrounding marriage and reproduction (Macionis Plummer, 2008, p612). Max Weber was born in Germany in 1964 to a Protestant family. Despite being a trained as a lawyer and historian, he became interested in the social sciences, in particular economics. His research was halted by a period of serious depression, however, most of his prominent work was carried out after his breakdown, such as The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Calhoun, et al., 2007, p206). Weber was particularly interested in the cultural and non-economic sources related to social action. He investigates the sources of social phenomena from a historical and cultural perspective and how they influenced the practices within social institutions. He was a moderate left supporter of German nationalism, and helped found the German Democratic Party, as well as playing a part in the Treaty of Versailles and the Weimar Constitution, before he died in 1920 (Dillon, 2010, pp117-118). Like Durkheim, Weber recognised that there is not a known society, that doesnt include something that can be classified as religion (Parson, 1964, p xxvii). Although he also thought in evolutionary terms, he was more engaged by systems of meaning, which can be interpreted (Parsons, 1964, xxvii). He studied the subjective meaning and views of religion, and its cultural and historical origins, as well as how these produce institutional practices (Dillon, 2010, p117). He investigated the religious and cultural beliefs that are at the source of religious and social structures (Dillon, 2010, p119). He believed that these beliefs and values are worthy of investigation as they are what shape social institutions (Dillon, 2010, p125). He believed that religion played a role of stereotyping within society, as it structures and preserves social groups and relationship and provides a social identity for groups. He maintained that religion interacted with other social and cultural aspects (Harrin gton, 2005, p67). Webers most prominent work, The Protestant ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, discussed the interaction between religion and economic aspects. Weber introduced the ideal type in order to measure and compare social phenomenon. They are used in the quest to explain different social relationship and actions (Dillon, 2010, p126). As regards religion, an ideal type is the distinctive characteristics of a religion. Weber discusses Protestantism in is ideal form, and how the characteristics of this religion affect everyday life (Dillon, 2010, p127). He examines how different religious traditions and their structures influence society, particularly in relation to the economy and capitalism

Social Commentary in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald :: free essay writer

The Great Gatsby:Â   Social Commentary On one level The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald comments on the careless gaiety and moral decadence of the period in which it was set. It contains innumerable references to the contemporary scene. The wild extravagance of Gatsby's parties, the shallowness and aimlessness of the guests and the hint of Gatsby's involvement in crime all identify the period and the American setting. But as a piece of social commentary The Great Gatsby also describes the failure of the American dream, from the point of view that American political ideals conflict with the actual social conditions that exist. For whereas American democracy is based on the idea of equality among people, the truth is that social discrimination still exists and the divisions among the classes cannot be overcome. Myrtle's attempt to break into the group to which the Buchanans belong is doomed to fail. Taking advantage of her vivacity, her lively nature, she seeks to escape from her own class. She enters into an affair wi th Tom and takes on his way of living. But she only becomes vulgar and corrupt like the rich. She scorns people from her own class and loses all sense of morality. And for all her social ambition, Myrtle never succeeds in her attempt to find a place for herself in Tom's class. When it comes to a crisis, the rich stand together against all outsiders. Myrtle's condition, of course, is a weaker reflection of Gatsby's more significant struggle. While Myrtle's desire springs from social ambition, Gatsby's is related more to his idealism, his faith in life's possibilities. Undoubtedly, his desire is also influenced by social considerations; Daisy, who is wealthy and beautiful, represents a way of life which is remote from Gatsby's and therefore more attractive because it is out of reach. However, social consciousness is not a basic cause. It merely directs and increases Gatsby's belief in life's possibilities. Like Myrtle, Gatsby struggles to fit himself into another social group, but his attempt is more urgent because his whole faith in life is involved in it. Failure, therefore, is more terrible for him. His whole career, his confidence in himself and in life is totally shattered when he fails to win Daisy. His death when it comes is almost insignificant, for, with the collapse of his dream, Gatsby is already spiritually dead. As social satire, The Great Gatsby is also a comment on moral decadence in modem American society.

Micro and macro theories in political science focus

INTRODUCTION Countries exist to interact with other nations and states in the international arena. Thus, no country or nation is an island unto itself. As a result of this, isolation from international activities becomes very impossible. In the course of interaction countries tries to gain advantage over other countries, and this has been the basis of conflict and disagreement. Sometimes, if this is not properly handled it will lead to war.Scholars from different academic disciplines have posited many causes of war. Thus, the great debate over why war occurs has been approached from different dimension. For the historians, scholars like A.J. P. Taylor famously described wars as being like traffic accidents. But this approach has been criticized in the view that some leaders of states make conscious decision in embarking in war and this is not accidental.   For the Psychologist, human beings, especially men are inherently violent.This violence displacement where a person transfers t heir grievances into bias and hatred against other ethnic groups, nations, or ideologies â€Å"(Wikibooks: 2005).   Other psychologists argue that the mental unbalanced state of men who rule and control a nation, combine with their human temperament has been the basis of the occurrence of war. â€Å"This school argues leaders that seek war such as Napoleon, Hitler, and Stalin were mentally abnormal; screening process, such as election, could prevent these types from coming to power, war would end†.   (ibid.).The Anthropologists see the occurrence of war as a fundamentally cultural, learnt by nurture rather than nature. The Sociologists have Plethora of perspective in seeing the occurrence of war. Some see war as the product of domestic conditions, with only the target of aggression being determined by international realities. Others that differ from the traditional approach argue that it is the decision of statesmen and the geopolitical situation that leads to war.   T he Economist argues war can be seen as an outgrowth of economic competition in a chaotic and competitive international system.Having looked at the diverse and divergent viewpoint from which these scholars from different discipline has posited as the cause of war, this write up tend to look at the political aspect of why war occurs. As a result of this, various theories in the political science field would be applied to enumerate the reason behind the occurrence of war.DEFINITION OF TERMS Political science has been described as a hospitable umbrella for many disciplines all connected somehow with the operations of government or people acting in relation to government.According to Alfred Cobban, as quoted in Oyediran (1998:3), Political Science is a devise invented by university teachers for avoiding that dangerous subject politics without achieving Sciences†.Thus, political science is that social science discipline that seek to study government and how politics that has to do w ith the use of power, rule and authority in any human relationship is being conducted.The study of political science, the normative and the positive approach is adopted while scholars, such as Plato and Aristotle sought to identify the characteristics of politics, their causes and effects, leaving aside moral judgements about their goodness or badness. Therefore, it is seen that modern political scientists adopt a positive theory to issues that pertain to the field of study, hence, †what ought to be†. (Robert Dahl cited by Gerring, 2005:2).THEORY: Theory is defined as abstraction from the real world in order to give explanation to phenomenon. Thus, theories give explanation to the relationship that exists between variables. Theories are tested hypotheses that are generally accepted it is used through known facts to give an explanation to the unknown.WAR: War can be defined as conflict that arises from disagreement, which result into military combat and the end results wh ich is destruction of lives and properties.War can be classified into civil wars and foreign wars. Civil wars, are those wars that occur within a nation or a state as a result of the emergence of factions that are loyal to an identified group. A typical example of civil war in contemporary time is the civil war in Liberia in the 1990s, between late Samuel Deo faction and Charles Taylor faction. Another typical example of civil war is the 1967 to 1970 civil war in Nigeria, between the Federal troop and the Biafra faction that seek to secede from the Nigeria Federation.Foreign war is war that involves combat between or among sovereign nation or states. Example of this is World War 1 and World War II.In recent times the war between Iraq and Kuwait, and the US Allied Forces in the 1990s.Another version of war in contemporary political world is the cold war that had existed after the world war associated with the bipolar bloc i.e. the eastern bloc and the western bloc. This cold war is u nlike the real combat war where physical and military combat is carried out, but it has to do with war in international arena, that pertains to foreign policies and international pacts and agreement, that tend to be contended for:This cold war has made many countries to support either of the two factions. But, some countries, like in Africa adopt a different stand, the Non Aligned Movement is pursued as the foreign policies in these black nation. The cold war suddenly collapse in 1989, this brought an end to the bipolar structure of the international system.POLITICAL THEORIES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF WAR Political theories on the emergence of state can be utilized to explain the occurrence of war. Here, the Hobbessian theory of state and the force theory are readily applicable to why nation engage in war.The Hobbissian theory postulated by Thomas Hobbes, explain the human state of existence in what he called the â€Å"state of nature†. According to him, â€Å"nature has made man so equal in faculties of the body and mind and though there be found one man sometimes manifestly stronger in body or of quicker mind than another is not considerable as that one man can claim to himself any benefit to which another may not possess as well as he† (Hobbes, 1946).The equality of man here means they tend to nurse the same aspirations and desires, ends and the same hope. But the uniformity of aspiration tend to be evoke problem since the resources e.g. power, political influence, is a scarce resource that can not go round every body. Thus, it become problematic when two persons desire the same thing, which they cannot both obtain, they are likely to become enemies and always will seek to destroy one another.In applying this scenario to sovereign states, the scarce resources that each state seeks to obtain for itself, this brings about competition and invariably lead to the emergence of war, if such competition gets to the extreme and the level of tolerance become s unbearable. According to Ighadola (2000: 12), â€Å"human competitiveness for status symbols are always characterized by fighting where this happens outside the preview of any settled and civilized state, the picture of the â€Å"state of nature† comes to the fore boldly†.The state of nature as stipulated by Thomas Hobbes, is the time when men lived without a common power to keep them in check; i.e. every man is a government and law unto himself, there is no formal contract to the establishment of state and government. In state of nature, war of every man against every man was the perceptual condition of human relations. Thus, man is brutal and exhibited a hostile tendency towards those around him. It is also argued that, â€Å"War, as Hobbes used the concept, did not necessarily denote actual fighting, rather it meant the disposition to fight† (ibid)Man in the state of nature did not engage in perpetual warfare, he was only perpetually inclined to fight to ac quire what he desired and to protect what he already possessed. The inclination in man to be aggressive in competition and fight is moderated by the fear of death. Thus, the disposition to fight to is further heightened by the absence of centralized authority. In the international political arena before the emergence of international organization like the United Nation, the broke out of World War I and the emergence of World War II, is as a result of absence of a strong centralized International authority. The League of Nations collapsed as a result of the Second World War. This led to the emergence of the United Nations; that is acting as a centralized authority in the international arena, in preventing the outbreak of conflicts among nations or states.Another angle of the Hobbessains theory sees Man’s selfishness and self- seeking nature ensures, without a superior restraining force, the condition of the state of nature that would remain permanent. This results in a threat to the condusive actualization of human potentials and insecurity. In applying this to the emergence of wars among nations, it is seen that the selfishness and self-seeking nature of some nation has prompted them into encroaching into the rightful possession of other nation. In order to defend their possession, these other nation would recourse to protect itself by engaging in war. Most times, this has been the base of war among nations.Thus, Hobbes has proffered a centralized authority that is imposed in one individual as a solution to avert this state of nature, so as to prevent the brutish and aggressive nature in man, and thus, reducing the outbreak of war.Critics have pointed out that Hobbes advocacy of absolute power puts a hole in his argument. The central authority or sovereign should operate the law made, fairly and equitably among the people not absolute authority in one man. Thus, central power is advocated that is democratic, in place of the sovereign ruler of Hobbes. Th is is because the sovereign ruler is taken from society and has its own selfish desire, which could lead to autocratic rule, i.e., he cannot be outside society and therefore cannot be above the law. (ibid:15).Another political theory that can be use to advocate for the emergence of war is the Marxist theory. Karl Marx theory concentrates both on political and economic perspective of the state.   In his view, the society is divided into two main classes, i.e. the bourgeoisie and the proletariats, and this has always been the driving force behind conflict in society and its attendant social change.Marxist theory of war argues that all war grows out of the class war. It sees wars as imperial ventures to enhance the power of the ruling class and divide the proletariat of the world by pitting them against each other for contrived ideals such as nationalism or religion. ( Wikibooks, 2005).Marx and Engels posited in The German ideology that with all the mischief’s contradictions a nd crisis inherent in the capitalist mode of production, the proletariat bears the entire burden without enjoying its advantages, they become isolated from society. Having been driven to the wall, they are forced into the most decided antagonism to the other class because an alienated man is a revolutionary man. (Marx, et al, 1977).Hence, Karl Marx see wars as a natural outgro9wth of the free market and class system, and will not disappear until a world revolution occurs. According to Ighodalo (2000:20), â€Å"the expectation of Marx is that the destruction of the capitalist system would lead to the end of class antagonism, since the basis of it property ownership would have been eliminated thereby creating a classless society where all give according to his/ her ability and receive according to his/ her needs.†Another theory of the evolution of state that can be applied to the reason why war occurs is the Force theory. This school of thought holds that the state is a creatio n of conquest and coercion of the weak by the strong. The state was seen as evil because it was a way of oppressing the poor. However, German writers of the 19th century, contended that force was an essential attribute of a state. (Oyediran, 1998:19). The   Force theory can really be adduce as a basis why war emerge between nation.Countries that are strong and have mighty military force had in the past annexed weak countries to themselves. They succeeded in doing this by embarking on war with them. In 1939, Finland’s decision to resist the invasions and annexation aggression of Soviet led to the Winter War. â€Å" Though cases of invasion and annexations that did not lead to a war abound; such as the U.S. led invasion of Haiti in 1994, the Nazi invasions of Austria and Czechoslovakia preceding the Second World War, and the annexation of the Baltic States by the Soviet Union in 1940.CONCLUSION The different Political Theorist has directed their argument on the reason why wa r occurs, even though not in the same tone and direction, the fact that the selfish interest and self- seeking nature of man and government, has been identified as a major reason why war has been a recurrent factor in the international arena. Even internally, where civil war occurs within the boundary of a country this has retained the same causal factor. The fact is traceable down line immemorial of historical war among nations.Furthermore, the scarce resource, such as power has been a basis for the eruption of conflicts among nations, since these resource cannot go round, it tend to be conflictual.REFERENCESAkhakpe, Ighodalo, (2000), Leading Issues in Political Thought. Lagos: A- Triad Associates Publishers & Printers.Gerring, John (2005), A Normative Turn in Political Science? Boston University Department of Political Science.Hobbes, Thomas (1946), Leviathan Oxford: Basil Blackwill Ltd.  Oyediran, Oyeleye (1998), Introduction to Political Science. Lagos:——-Wikiboo ks (2005), â€Å" International relations: The Causes of War† https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/International_Relations:The_Causes_of_war. (3rd August, 2005)

Profile of George Washington Plunkitt, Politican

Profile of George Washington Plunkitt, Politican George Washington Plunkitt was a  Tammany Hall politician who wielded clout in New York City for decades. He amassed a fortune by engaging in various schemes which he always claimed had been honest graft. When collaborating  on an eccentric book about his career in 1905 he brazenly defended his long and complicated career in machine politics. And he suggested his own epitaph, which became famous:  He seen his opportunities and he took em.   During Plunkitts political career he held a variety of patronage jobs. He boasted of having held four government jobs in one year, which included a particularly prosperous stretch when he was paid for three jobs simultaneously. He also held elected office in the New York State assembly until his steady seat there was taken from him on a very violent primary election day in 1905. After Plunkitt died at the age of 82 on November 19,  1924, the New York Times published three substantial articles about him within four days. The newspaper essentially reminisced about the era when Plunkitt, generally seated on a bootblack stand in a courthouse lobby, dispensed political advice and handed out favors to loyal supporters. There have been skeptics who claimed that Plunkitt greatly exaggerated his own exploits and that his political career was not nearly as flamboyant as he later claimed. Yet theres no doubt he had extraordinary connections in the world of New York politics. And even Plunkitt exaggerated the details, the stories he told of political influence and how it worked was very close to the truth. Early Life The New York Times headline announcing Plunkitts death noted that he had been born on Nannys Goats Hill. That was a nostalgic reference to a hill that would eventually be within Central Park, near West 84th Street. When Plunkitt was born on November 17,  1842, the area was  essentially a shanty town. Irish immigrants lived in poverty, in ramshackle conditions in what was largely a wilderness far removed from the growing city farther south in Manhattan.   Growing up in a rapidly transforming city, Plunkitt  went to public school. In his teens, he worked as a butchers apprentice. His employer helped him start his own  business as a butcher at Washington Market in lower Manhattan (the sprawling market along the Hudson River was the future site of many office buildings including the World Trade Center). He later went into the construction business, and according to his obituary in the New York Times, Plunkitt built many of the docks on Manhattans Upper West Side. Political Career First elected to the New York State Assembly in 1868, he also served as an alderman in New York City. In 1883 he was elected to the New York State Senate. Plunkitt became a power broker within Tammany Hall, and for nearly 40 years was the undisputed boss of the 15th Assembly District, a heavily Irish bastion  on Manhattans West Side. His time in politics coincided with the era of Boss Tweed, and later Richard Croker. And even if Plunkitt  later exaggerated his own importance, theres no doubt  he had witnessed some remarkable times.   He was eventually defeated in a primary election in 1905 which was marked by violent eruptions at the polls. After that, he essentially retreated from day-to-day politics. Yet he still kept a public profile as a constant presence in government buildings in lower Manhattan, telling stories and regaling a circle of acquaintances. Even in retirement, Plunkitt would stay involved with Tammany Hall. Every four years he was appointed to make the travel arrangements as New York politicians traveled by train to the Democratic National Convention. Plunkitt was a fixture at the conventions and was deeply disappointed when ill health a few months before his death prevented him from attending the 1924 convention.   Plunkitts Fame In the late 1800s, Plunkitt became quite wealthy by habitually buying up land which he knew the city government would eventually need to buy for some purpose. He justified what he did as being honest graft. In Plunkitts view, knowing something was going to happen and capitalizing on it was not corrupt in any way. It was simply smart. And he openly bragged about it. Plunkitts openness about the tactics of machine politics became legendary. And in 1905 a newspaperman, William L. Riordon, published a book Plunkitt of Tammany Hall, which was essentially a series of monologues in which the old politician, often hilariously, expounded on his life and his theories of politics.  His lively accounts of how the Tammany machine operated may not have been well-documented, but they give a solid sense of what it must have been like it New York City politics in the late 1800s. He always steadfastly defended his own political style and the workings of Tammany Hall. As Plunkitt put it: So, you see, these fool critics don’t know what they’re talkin’ about when they criticize Tammany Hall, the most perfect political machine on earth. Sources George W. Plunkitt Dies At 82 Years, New York Times, 20 Nov. 1924, p 16. Plunkitt of Tammany Hall, New York Times, 20 Nov. 1924, p. 22. Plunkitt, Champion of Honest Graft, New York Times, 23 Nov. 1924, p. 177.

Iron Man 3 Movie

Iron Man 3 Movie Introduction Conventionally, a film bears a central message in its plot. Despite being medium of entertainment, embedded deep within a film’s plot is often a central idea or theme that the writer and the producer seek to convey. In this respect, moviemakers strive to depict virtually all aspects of life. In the year 2013, Hollywood produced a superhero film by the name Iron Man 3. This essay seeks to examine this film with a focus on the analysis of violence as a central theme within the movie.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Iron Man 3 Movie specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A synopsis of Iron Man 3 The movie Iron Man 3 is a creation of Shane Black who doubles as a writer and director. It features Robert Downey, Jr. as Tony Stark as the main actor around whom all the action revolves. The film commences in the wake of the events of The Avengers in which Tony participated to save the New York City from the attac k of aliens (the Loki). Riddled with severe insomnia and posttraumatic stress, Tony spends his time building iron man suits (Iron Man 3). This new lifestyle begins to weigh him down, but before long, a dangerous terrorist, only identified as the Mandarin, wreaks havoc. The Mandarin strips Tony off everything; it kills his bodyguard, destroys his home, car, and kills his girlfriend (Pepper Potts). Consequently, Tony is left with only a badly damaged iron man suit with which to face the vicious enemy (Iron Man 3). With the help of Col. James Rhodes and Harley, a young boy, Tony solves the puzzle of the Mandarin just before he actualizes his worst threat. Analysis of Iron Man 3 The movie exudes violence right from the very beginning to its conclusion. The scenes are designed to embody a nature of violence that is often associated with terrorism in real life. The film commences in the wake of an alien invasion of the New York City. It takes the intervention Tony and his compatriots (The Avengers) to save the city. The idea of alien invasion already creates an image of violence even before the movie starts. The harrowing experiences that Tony goes through due to his New York experience are not gentle by any standard. They are violent experiences that render him sleepless. Clearly, the beginning of the movie sets the stage for the violent action witnessed all the way to the end of the movie. Violence in Iron Man 3 is perpetrated by everyone ranging from women, children, and men including Tony himself in the process of trying to rid the world of the villains. Pepper, Tony’s girlfriend, is shown violently killing a villain after which she exclaims, â€Å"that was really violent† (Iron Man 3). In fact, the writer of the movie seems to be fully aware of the violence that is embedded in the movie, and thus by incorporating such a line, he appears to be drawing the audience’s attention to the violent nature of the movie. Pitching Harley, a ten-year-ol d boy, as one of the main accomplices of Tony in the final conquest, is a clear indicator that violence as depicted in the movie is not limited to gender or age. He participates in the violent termination of the villains until they are ultimately defeated.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The portrayal of a young boy participating in violent acts as shown in this movie may elicit criticism from a large fraction of society because according to Yildiz, children are associated with innocence, purity, and gentleness (40). However, even in the real life, children have been reported to perpetrate morbid criminal acts. For instance, Yildiz notes that a case was reported in Britain in which two young boys, six years old and eight years old, took the hand of a five-year old before leading him to a secluded location where they murdered him in cold blood (40). All the theories and possible models that attempted to explain the incident fell short of giving a concrete reason to explain the occurrence of the bizarre incident. Shane’s depiction of violence is thus not extreme or out of the ordinary as many may think. It truly reflects where society is today because just like children, women who were traditionally perceived as the weak gender, have become vicious killers in real life. The movie, being a 2013 production, rightly captures what is actually going on in society. Shane adds an extra dimension to his depiction of violence. He attempts to make the violence extreme by picturing the mechanisms used in the killings as extremely dangerous. They do not only kill, but also vaporize the bodies of the victims to leave only eerie shadows (Iron Man 3). Besides the bombings such as that of the Chinese theater in which innocent tourists and other people are killed, â€Å"suicide† bombers in the movie actually explode after heating up from inside. The mo vie creates a morbid impression filled with violence and bloodshed. Tony himself goes through most of the movie with a blood stained face. The writer cum producer of the movie succeeds in capturing the ravages of violence with the accompanying emotional effect he intended. In terms of the emotional appeal, the movie succeeds in reaching out to the audience quite easily. Violence is an emotive issue and based on the levels of violence exhibited in the movie, it becomes apparent that the producer of the movie is quite aware of how to evoke emotion. He does it by glorifying violence in a manner that would cause someone watching the movie think that the life of the people in the movie depended on it. Starting with Tony, the trauma and sleeplessness and the destruction of his home and the bodyguard as well the near strangling of his girlfriend elicits sympathy for him. A person watching the movie cannot help but feel sympathetic for Tony especially when he has to face the vicious enemy i n an old iron-man prototype suit that is also partly damaged. Another instance when the movie significantly appeals to the audience emotionally occurs when the Mandarin captures the president from Air Force One successfully. Tony is in a position to save other people at the time, but not the president. Given the vicious nature of the Mandarin and his painful killing styles, one cannot help but feel sympathy for the president due to what he is likely going through. Such is the pathos of this film. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Iron Man 3 Movie specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Anyone watching the movie is in a position to link it successfully with the real life situations such as the Boston Marathon bombings and other terror attacks that have been witnessed in the US. The fact that the Mandarin is given Muslim or Arab like appearance, which is again not very clear, is a method that the producer uses to pass his mes sage. In real life, terrorism has been associated with Muslims, although sometimes such stereotypes are based on mere speculations. The producer of the movie is successful at causing the audience to make sense out of the events of the movie and link them with real life occurrences, which is logical. In the ethical sense, the author of the movie is in a position to depict the modern society correctly as one that is fast being derailed of ethical values. Like many other movies, good triumphs over evil in the end, thus giving the very important lesson that good will eventually triumphs over evil in every situation. However, the issue of concern is the channels that Shane chooses to use in dispensing the â€Å"good† in the movie. He uses a young boy as well as some women on both sides of the battle. In a sense, this aspect gives the impression of a society in which ethical values have gone to very low levels so that anyone can engage in violent acts as long as the result is justi fied. Conventionally, as espoused by almost all movies, the end justifies the means. The movie is also littered with scenes of sexual undertones that successfully depict what goes on in the modern society. In this manner, the producer of the movie clearly presents the movie’s ethos of to the audience. Conclusion The movie Iron Man 3 arguably glorifies violence all through. The villains perpetrate violence and the good people use violence to squash the villains. The movie seems to be advancing the argument that only violence can abate violence. In spite of its violent nature, the movie is widely acclaimed as being one of the best movies of its time. These acclamations are in order as Iron Man 3 carries with it invaluable lessons for a keen individual. The deeply embedded message, especially for this generation, is that technology is only good as long as the people using it are good, and the message is quite timely. Iron Man 3. Dir. Shane Black. New York: Marvel Studios. 2013. Film.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Yildiz, Murat. Terrorism and violence: Turkish case.  Turkish Journal of Police Studies 3.1 (n.d): 38-55. Print.

There is no topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

There is no topic - Assignment Example Capacity levels and policies of a comp-any should be adjusted due to external and internal forces like competitors. The company should be more flexible to react to changes in price pressure and raw material availability. Capacity changes depending on the company whether it is a workstation’s ability to process jobs or a manufacturing plant (Grummitt, 89). The dynamic nature of capacity and interrelationship among different supply chain elements bring about change of capacity in an organization. Improvement of engineering equipments, labor availability, improvement of process and new data management helps in changing the capacity of supply. In the competitive business, there should be the ability to react while making informed and educated decisions. This will help in making the organization a success and healthy (Grummitt, 113). Capacity persistence enables organizations to rise above their competitor basing on supply chain, service provision and flexibility. Business with extreme seasonality should look for alternatives, to help in times of low supply and high demand. Organization can build an inventory, in house capacity and outsourced capacity (Grummitt, 128). Capacity management has a huge impact in supply and production level in an organization. Organizations should understand their customers demand and adjust their production to meet their

Paper 2 - English Drama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Paper 2 - English Drama - Essay Example Brecht describes epic theatre as a form of drama and a methodological approach to the creation of the plays where, â€Å"Its qualities of clear description and reporting and its use of choruses and projections as a means of commentary earned it the name ‘epic’† (Brecht and Willet 121). Moreover Brecht believed that, â€Å"It is most important that one of the main features of the ordinary theatre should be excluded from [epic theatre]: the engendering of illusion† (Worthen 396). Hence he uses drama as a mode of unveiling the bitter truths about human nature, life in general and the socio-political behavior of human beings. â€Å"Mother Courage and Her Children† is set in the time of 17 century during the Thirty Years War. The Play is an intriguing tale of a mother who loses her three children because of the war though the play is an indirect comment on the time of Nazi Regime. Brecht believed that drama should be used to enlighten the readers about th e reality rather than it being used as a mode of escape therefore he portrays the grotesqueness of war and inhumane side of human beings so that the readers would realize the extent of deterioration that has occurred. For example in the Mother Courage right after her daughter’s death says, â€Å"I hope I can pull the wagon by myself. Yes, Ill manage, theres not much in it now. I must get back into business† (70). This line is a cruel projection of the height of selfishness that has replaced human emotions because of the war. Then again there is a constant oscillation between Mother Courage’s love and hatred for war where at one place she condemns it because she is unable to gain profit while at other times she loves it because it helps her earn a living as she says, â€Å"I wont let you spoil my war for me. Destroys the weak, does it? Well, what does peace do forem, huh? War feeds its people better† (58). Although Brecht borrows some of the