A Pay Model and Defining Internal Alignment - 9320 Words

OBJECTIVE EFFICIENCY * Performance * Quality * Customers * and Stockholder * Costs FAIRNESS COMPLIANCE COMPLANCE TECHNIQUE EXHIBIT 1.5 The pay Model ALIGNMENT Work Descriptions Evaluation Analysis Certificate Internal Structure COMPETITIVENESS Market Surveys Policy Line PAY Definitions STRUCTURE PPSTRUCTURE CONTRIBUTIONS Seniority Performance Merit Based Based†¦show more content†¦Job design, training, and team building may be used to reach this objective. The pay system aligned with this employer s objective may have a- policy of paying salaries that at least equal those of competitors (external competitiveness) and that go up with increased skills or knowledge (internal alignment). This pay system could be very different from our first example, where the focus is on increasing customer satisfaction. So, objectives guide the design of pay systems. They also serve as the standard for judging the success of the pay system. If the objective is to attract and retain the best and no brightest, yet skilled employees are leaving to take higher -paying. jobs with other employers, the system may not be performing effectively. Although there may be many non-pay reasons for turnover, objectives provide standards for evaluating the effectiveness of a pay system. Four Policies Every employer must address the policy decisions shown on the left side of the pay model: (1) Internal alignment, (2) external competitiveness, (3) employee contributions, and (4) management of the pay system. These policies are the foundation on which pay systems are built. They also serve as guidelines for managing pay in ways that accomplish the system’s objectives. Internal Alignment Internal alignment refers to comparisons among jobs or skill levels inside a single organization. Jobs and people’s skills are compared in terms of their relative contributions toShow MoreRelatedA Pay Model and Defining Internal Alignment9320 Words   |  38 Pages* Quality * Customers * and Stockholder * Costs FAIRNESS COMPLIANCE COMPLANCE TECHNIQUE EXHIBIT 1.5 The pay Model ALIGNMENT Work Descriptions Evaluation Analysis Certificate Internal Structure COMPETITIVENESS Market Surveys Policy Line PAY Definitions STRUCTURE PPSTRUCTURERead MoreIntegration vs Alignment1852 Words   |  8 PagesInformation Systems – Business Alignment The business sector is a highly dynamic sector; new technology, mergers, acquisitions and regulatory changes are just few activities that make the business sector a constantly changing environment. The key factor to a functioning company is the deployment of an efficient information technology system, supporting; business strategies, goals, and needs of the organisation. Society for information management ranked IS – business alignment as number one concern onRead MorePerformance Management Plan For Landslide Limousine1413 Words   |  6 Pagesthe key drivers of quality the business is arranging. An administration structure to empower the Performance Management Framework to be implanted into how the business conducts business. Alignment performance management framework to the organizational business strategy Clearly, the business benefits of defining and setting business goals across the organization underlines the significance of successfully setting and thoroughly aligning employee and business goals. Engaged employees can potentiallyRead MoreChallenges Faced With Ge Healthcare1464 Words   |  6 Pagesobjectives and target. †¢ Increase the role of CIO with increasing technology in healthcare the-CIO should monitor activities and direct innovation. 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People dont just respond to the external influences of cultures and norms; nor do they operate by the internal dictates of the inner workings of an individuals psychology, which related to how the perceive the world around them. Instead, he thought it was necessary for them to combine both influences into a dynamic or recip rocal model where oneRead MoreWorkforce Planning - State of New York1405 Words   |  6 Pages they include the realization that there are different departments within the agency, and â€Å"one size fits all†, approach will not be a viable solution. They realize the value in getting involved early and the buy in of senior management and the alignment with their business plan. â€Å"The bottom line is †¦ COMMUNICATION- Tell them what you want to do and they will help you find a solution.† The agency has identified the key planning steps in order to ensure their workforce planning is successful. TheyRead MoreDefinition Of Defining Needs Assessment Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesDefining Needs Assessment A needs assessment process is used by organizations to regulate priorities and make enhancements, or distribution of resources within the organization. The process includes determining the needs between the organizations future and current states and how to improve (Noe, 2017). The needs assessment is a development plan of actions which needs to be addressed to close the gaps within the organization for its future desired state (Noe, 2017). There are several steps to completingRead MoreThe Statement Of The Leadership Team1555 Words   |  7 Pagesintroduce our newly branded firm, previously Target Search Selection, and highlight a few of the driving forces behind us being compelling advisors to competitive organisations. ‘Competitive’ doesn’t only equate to large and enterprise businesses, we pay special attention to niche and smaller business equally motivated to disrupt. Talent Management now has a proverbial seat at the boardroom table; Leadership bench strength - or the lack thereof - is reflective in bottom line earnings; Leaders in development

Executive Summary General Electric Company - 1346 Words

Executive Summary General Electric Company (GE) is a company with various interests in service, financial and technology divisions. Even though GE is best known for products such as light bulbs, washers and dryers, refrigerators and freezers, microwave ovens and stoves; it is one of the world s most diverse companies, dabbling in virtually every industry under the sun. GE manufactures aircraft engines, water processing, locomotives, medical equipment and plastics among various other products and services. The global footprint of GE is in more than 170 countries, including Africa, Americas, Asia, Australia, Europe and the Middle East. As of December 2013 GE employed over 307,000 individuals worldwide. The foundation of GE is based on one of the greatest minds in history, Thomas Edison. In 1876 Mr. Edison opened a laboratory where he could analyze the capabilities of electrical devices. The incandescent electric lamp was just one of the many wonderful inventions to come out of that laboratory and the birthplace of the enormous company known today as General Electric. GE leads with unyielding integrity. This way of doing business is reverberated from the top of the corporate ladder to the lowest skilled worker. The passion of the company is to drive customer success through their impeccable Environmental Health and Safety as well as Quality culture. Six Sigma Quality initiatives abound through the company. All employees are encouraged to attend Six Sigma trainingShow MoreRelatedCompany Analysis Of Medtronic, The World s Largest Medical Technology Company Essay903 Words   |  4 PagesCompany Analysis Paper Introduction Medtronic is the world’s largest medical technology company. It was founded in 1949, as a medical equipment repair shop, by Earl Bakken and Palmer Hermundslie. Medtronic’s core products include implantable medical devices and drug and biological delivery devices such as pace makers and insulin pumps. The three year gross sales for Medtronic are: $15.933 billion in 2011, $16.184 billion in 2012, and$16.590 billion in 2013(NYSE, 2014). The three year net incomeRead MoreA Brief Note On The Worlds Largest Medical Technology Company1083 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Medtronic is the world’s largest medical technology company. It was founded in 1949, as a medical equipment repair shop, by Earl Bakken and Palmer Hermundslie. Medtronic’s main products include electrical stimulation devices, implantable structural devices, targeted drug and biologics delivery, powered and advanced energy instruments, surgical navigation and imaging, and patient and device management. 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Media And Its Impact On Politics - 2005 Words

Media today has become extremely corrupt while spreading news about today’s politics. Today s new articles on politics are usually either bias, the story is slightly altered, or the information in the articles are just found to be rumors later on. There aren’t many news sources today that are producing reliable articles that aren’t biased one way or another towards politics. I believe that all sources of media today have had a combined negative impact on politics today because people use news media it to spread false information and social media is abuse when people use it to attack others in inappropriate ways. One major way media is affecting politics is by putting out information that could be seen as biased one way or the other. They do this is by leaning their articles towards a certain candidate by changing the article to benefit the candidate they prefer. Another way they do this is by covering articles that will benefit only who they are in favor of suppo rting or by covering articles that will hurt the person they choose not to support and this can lead to misinformed voters in the end because they don’t really get the full story. This has always been a fairly huge problem in media since the beginning of news media’s existence but since the creation of the internet making the availability of information so easily accessible, it has become much easier for certain news corporations to get out articles and information that has be manipulated. So I would believe thisShow MoreRelatedMedia And Its Impact On Politics1325 Words   |  6 Pagesupon thousands of media platforms exist, it’s not surprising that media is one of the strongest, if not the biggest, influences in our current presidential election. No matter where each of us turn, whether it be to a newspaper, social media, or our televisions, every single one of us has seen some sort of news report or article discussing presidential candidates Hillary Clinton a nd Donald Trump. However, every year, there seems to be this constant struggle when it comes to the media coverage, as itRead MoreThe Impact Of New Media On Politics1504 Words   |  7 Pages The impact of new media on politics in America There is no question that over the years various forms of media have been instrumental tools for politics in this country. In the earliest years of this nation’s politics, the number of politically sponsored newspapers was significant. Later radio came into being and it saw its first uses in politics to cover such things as the election race between Warren G. Harding and James M. Cox in 1920 (Bardes). In the 1950s, television saw its first usesRead MoreImpact of Media on Politics Essay1135 Words   |  5 PagesImpact of Media on Politics The role media plays in politics is undeniable. Our soundbite culture with its inherent limited attention span dictates a â€Å"McNugget† of information. Unfortunately this often leads to misrepresentations being accepted as fact. A glaring example of this was the Killian documents controversy. In September 2004, the CBS program 60 Minutes Wednesday aired a report critical of President George W. Bushs service in the United States National Guard. The four documents includedRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Politics1982 Words   |  8 PagesYour Name Professor Name Subject Name 04 September 20XX The Impact of Social Media on Politics With every advance in technology comes impact on everyday life. This is especially true for advances in media technology. While the media is a pervasive aspect of life on a day to day basis, a time when it really becomes important is when the subject regards government and political information. The Internet has become an increasingly important tool for American citizens to not only gain political knowledgeRead More The Impact of Mass Media Influence on Politics Essay2941 Words   |  12 PagesThe Impact of Mass Media Influence on Politics What impact do the mass media have on modern government and politics? The mass media is now a global phenomenon and has revolutionized the way individuals communicate with each other and receive information. In this essay I will examine the three forms of mass media - newspaper, radio and television - and the way they have evolved. I will explain the three main theories relating to the impact of mass media on the public. I will then discuss howRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On Public Opinion And Chinese Politics1712 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction 1. Background Media in China has a tremendous influence on public opinion and Chinese politics, the significant increase of state owned media outlets beging from 1949 to 1980s and marketable ones since 1979 indicates the state’s purpose to address the following two major issues: 1) to reduce the government’s financial burden. 2) to help modernize China’s economy. (in-class teaching material) Since those media began to be allowed to support themselves in various ways, several hundredRead MoreThe Impact Of Digital Media On The World Of Trade, Commerce, Education, And Politics1250 Words   |  5 Pagestend to be more interested in popular trends and lean to updated elements. For example, prior to the emergence of mobile technology, people used to consume digital media contents by using their desktop or laptop computer. However, nowadays, people are using mobile phones more than any other types of devices to access any type of digital media (Small Business Authority, 2014). To exploit this trend, organizations must keep track with changing mobile technology to remain competitive. Design of responsiveRead MoreHow Social Media Drives Politics1608 Words   |  7 PagesHow Social Media Drives Politics I. Introduction a. Be wise in choosing what to believe on Social Media because politicians can manipulate you into thinking one thing when in fact what they mean is the opposite. b. Social media tools including Twitter, Facebook and YouTube have dramatically changed the way political campaigns are run and how we interact with our elected officials. These websites have made politicians more accessible and allowing campaigns to carefully craft and customize their candidates’Read MoreMedia And Its Impact On Society787 Words   |  4 Pages Media today has massive influential impacts all over the world. Every house has a sort of media such as Television, radio, newspaper, Internet, and other media channels. Media have been demonstrated to elevate or to raise doubt about perspectives of social groups, including those characterized by race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and sexual personality (Scharrer 171). Gender prospective is one of the most effected elements. It has shaped the way people think of themselves and the way they seeRead MoreThe Media And Its Impact On Presidential Elections1335 Words   |  6 PagesThe Media and its impact on Presidential Elections On a July day in 2015, reality television star and real estate mogul Donald Trump announced his candidacy for President of the United States in the 2016 election. Following his announcement, the mainstream media openly mocked Trump, and some found great humor at the idea of his campaign, wondering how long it would take before he dropped out of his â€Å"doomed before-it-began campaign,† as many called it. By being openly dismissive of Trump’s campaign

Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder And Major Depressive Disorder

Mr. Z is a 45-year-old male who demonstrates symptoms of bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. In the last two years, he was admitted twice to psychiatric hospitals to be treated for depression and suicidal tendencies. In both of these occasions, Mr. Z argued that he did not suffer from a psychiatric illness, but that he was dying due to a strange disease of aging. However, not one of those who seen Mr. Z could diagnose what the disease was. His wife mentioned to mental health professionals that weeks prior to his admission, he would not get out of bed and was severely, â€Å"gloomy and pessimistic.† He refused to get out of bed to go to work or to spend time with his family. Mr. Z’s wife also mentioned that throughout their years of†¦show more content†¦An episode may psychotic delusions, or hallucinations. Mr. Z had mentioned before that his skin was falling and that his bowels were shutting down even though it was not true. Major depressive disorde r is a severe pattern of depression that is disabling (not caused by drugs/medication condition). â€Å"This disorder can be categorized as seasonal if it changes with the seasons.† (pg.220) According to Mr. Z’s wife, his depressions have always occurred during the fall and winter. During his periods of excessive energy and impulsive decisions, Mr. Z demonstrated multiple signs of bipolar disorder. DSM-5 distinguishes two different kinds of bipolar disorders. Bipolar I disorder is a type of bipolar disorder marked by full maniac and major depressive disorder. People who have this disorder shift back and forth between extreme moods. The behavior is usually very active, almost to where they feel like they need to stay on the move because they are running out of time. â€Å"†¦flamboyance is not uncommon.† (pg.421) Mr. Z showed mad impulsive decisions such as taking trips, participating in rare activities, and buying expensive pieces of land. Without treatment, these mood episodes can continue to reoccur throughout the life of the individual. The two most common types of treatment are psychotherapy and medication More than 60% of people with depressive and bipolarShow MoreRelatedPsychology : Human And Emotional Type Of Disorders1734 Words   |  7 Pagessense the overall topic of abnormal psychology. Abnormal psychology is and can be thought of as like any other psychology in a way but more specifically it is a psychology that deals with the understanding of mental and emotional type of disorders. As a psychology major you get to look at psychology through many forms, this is done with an objective which prepares you so to see which focus you find or can connect to most, most often for personal or logical base reasons. A subject or topic that caughtRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Symptoms And Symptoms943 Words   |  4 Pages Bipolar Disorder is a severe mental illness that causes shifts in mood swings by being overly excited or overly depressed, and can have suicidal thoughts. â€Å"All people with bipolar disorder have manic episodes- abnormally elevated or irritable moods that last a week and impair functioning.† (htpp://www.apa.org, 2015) Bipolar disorder is a long-term illness, can be controlled with prescription medication and psychotherapy sessions. Bipolar disorders are broken down into many partsRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Its Effects On The Patient s Life1203 Words   |  5 Pagesof mental health disorders, one of the most common is Bipolar Disorder. According to the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA), Bipolar Disorder affects as much as 2.6% of the adult population. The effects of Bipolar Disorder can range from mild (having little impact on the patient’s day to day life) to severe (making the patient’s life debilitating and nonfunctioning). Bipolar Disord er also has a devastating effect on the patient’s friends and family. Bipolar Disorder is one of the mostRead MoreBipolar Disorder Essay1615 Words   |  7 PagesBipolar disorder, also commonly referred to as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual and heightened swings in a person’s mood, energy level, and ability to function. The symptoms of bipolar disorder can be severe and therefore, they are quite different from the normal shifts in mood that everyone goes through on a daily basis. The effects of bipolar disorder can result in broken relationships, poor performance at work or school, self-mutilation, and even suicide. HoweverRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder1274 Words   |  6 Pagesconclusion, Ben Tang was diagnosed with bipolar II disorder indicated by DSM-5 at age 47. He experienced symptoms such as feeling depressed, suicidal thoughts, and worthlessness in depressive episodes. He experienced symptoms such as r acing mind, trouble falling asleep, and committing reckless behaviors in hypomanic episodes. It can be challenging to live with bipolar disorder because the symptoms can be hard to deal with. There are several ways to manage bipolar disorder, include medications, support groupRead MoreEarly Onset Of The Disorder952 Words   |  4 Pages Bipolar, or manic-depression, is a mood disorder that is typically diagnosed during mid teenage years to early adulthood. Many people believe that mid teen years are the earliest a diagnosis can be made, however the disorder can be diagnosed in early childhood. Early onset of the disorder is often much more severe, and is harder to treat. The possible causes for early onset are similar to those of late onset. Symptoms are also similar, however those in early onset can be more serious. DiagnosisRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Manic Depressive Illness1734 Words   |  7 PagesDefinition Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. There are four basic types of bipolar disorder; all of them involve clear changes in mood, energy, and activity levels. These moods range from periods of extremely â€Å"up,† elated, and energized behavior (known as manic episodes) to very sad, â€Å"down,† or hopeless periods (known as depressive episodes). LessRead More Mood Disorder Essay1660 Words   |  7 PagesAmericans million are affected by mood disorders ( The two main types of mood disorders are bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder which are described as disturbances in mood, behavior and emotion.â€Å" Bipolar disorder is a complex disorder in which the core feature is pathological disturbance in mood ranging from extreme elation, or mania, to severe depression usually accompanied by disturbances in thinking and behavior, which may include psychotic symptoms, such as delusions and hallucinations†Read MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Disorders1249 Words   |  5 PagesBipolar Disorder, also known as manic/depressive disorder once was a disorder that carried a severe societal stigmatism. It now has carries less stigmatism but is a disorder which has become difficult to diagnosis and extremely prevalent in today’s society. Due to the manic characteristic of the disorder it differentiates itself from the typical form of depression. Even though both depression and bipolar disorder can be due to an imbalance in brain chemistry and biology, genetics, or effected byRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Its Effects On The Patients Life1196 Words   |  5 Pagesof mental health disorders, one of the most common is Bipolar Disorder. According to the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA), Bipolar Disorder affects as much as 2.6% of the adult population. The effects of Bipolar Disorder can range from mild (having little impact on the patient’s day to day life) to severe (making the patient’s life debilitating and nonfunctioning). Bipolar Disorder also has a devastating effect on the patient’s friends and family. Bipolar Disorder is one of the most

Belonging Is More Than a Connection to a Place; It Also Means Being at Home Within Yourself and Knowing Who You Are Free Essays

Belonging is an essential part of human life that is not always just a connection to a place; it is a feeling of being at home within yourself and having the patience to discover who you are. Being at home within yourself is a process that is not instantaneous and this is evident in the film Ten Canoes and the poem ‘Digging’. Through characters and text specific techniques, the film and poem portray processes of how developing an understanding of group dynamics and relationships allows one to gain a sense of personal belonging, deeper than merely a connection to a place. We will write a custom essay sample on Belonging Is More Than a Connection to a Place; It Also Means Being at Home Within Yourself and Knowing Who You Are or any similar topic only for you Order Now Understanding the group dynamics and laws relating to specific cultures allows one to avoid alienation and feel comfortable as an individual. The narrative voice of David Gulpilil in Ten Canoes invites the audience into his story of the covetous youth, Dayindi and his older brother who has three wives, Minygululu. Minygululu also has a story to tell, diachronically through time to that of the ancestors, Yeeralparil and Rijimiraril, not to the audience but to Dayindi, â€Å"to help him live the proper way†, however the audience is still involved through the narration of David Gulpilil, â€Å"it is Minygululu’s story for Dayindi back then, and it is my story for you now† so the audience can learn this ‘proper way’ too. Dayindi is introduced through the voice over as a young and somewhat naive boy who lusts for his brother’s youngest wife and resents living in the single mans camp. It is obvious Dayindi does not quite belong to this clan, despite his connection to the tribe and the land through birth, â€Å"they make fun of Dayindi, they know he is liking the younger wife of his brother Minygululu†. Dayindi steps outside what is socially accepted as the proper way, the law and this alienates him. Dayindi is impatient and throughout the story states, â€Å"the only thing he learned is that Minygululu take long time to tell a story†, but through this drawn out story Dayindi learns that understanding the right way is not an instantaneous process but it requires patience. By learning the laws, the ‘proper way’, Dayindi overcomes his wrongful desires of the young wife and achieves a sense of belonging to the tribe that comes from his own personal realisation of who is he is and what is right. The poem ‘Digging’ also depicts how an understanding of what is morally accepted within a culture enhances how an individual belongs within themselves. The Irish poem arrests the attention of the reader with a smile, â€Å"the squat pen rests; as snug as a gun†, hinting at the fraught context of poem, written during a time of war. The persona then seems to escape the brutal reality of life at this time by going back diachronically in time, a technique similar to that of the ancestral story within a story, depicted in Ten Canoes. He goes back to a memory of watching his father digging, through the proud memory of the hard working men of his family, â€Å"could cut more turf in a day than any other man on Toner’s bog† inspires within him a new determination. â€Å"I’ve no spade to follow men like them†, however, â€Å"the squat pen rests. I’ll dig with it†. The pen is no longer associated with a snug gun and its unlawful violence, but the concept that ideas win wars and he will dig for ideas. He can still belong to this family of hardworking diggers now he has an understanding of how he can work hard with the other tool available to him, the lawful one, and through this understanding a new determination and sense of home within oneself is gained. Through relationships of kinship and ancestors one can achieve a sense of belonging within themselves from knowing where they come from and what this means. In Ten Canoes, Dayindi’s kinship with his brother and link to his ancestor Yeeralparil allow him to overcome his lust for Minygululu’s young wife and feel at home within himself. Minygululu, does not chastise Dayindi in the film for having feelings for his younger wife, but casually tells him a story to help him. This strengthens the somewhat disrupted relationship between the two brothers and Dayindi learns, â€Å"one important thing in his life. He is learning to be patient†. With the patience that his brother teaches him, Dayindi accepts his position in the tribe and knows one day he will have a wife, but he must wait and do things the right way. Through the story being told of Yeeralparil, Dayindi relates to this ancestor and in the film, the two characters are played by the same actor, Jamie Gulpilil which enhances this relationship between the two young men. Dayindi learns that for Yeeralparil, the fantasy of the youngest wife never become a reality, even when his brother Rijimiraril dies, and so he too knows within himself the same fate is for him. Through the two relationships Dayindi learns to accept that he will never be with the young wife and this realisation allows him to lose his resentment and do what is right in the tribe in order to belong. In the poem ‘Digging’ the persona maintains a sense of belonging through the relationship he has with his family. â€Å"The old man could handle a spade, just like his old man. † The proud recognition of his family history is obvious through the finely observed memory with strong details that engage all of the senses, allowing the audience to be a part of this diachronic experience, â€Å"the cold smell†, the â€Å"soggy peat†, and â€Å"straining rump†. Through this detailed description and admiration of his hardworking family the audience can see that he feels a strong sense of belonging with these people. But he is not immediately apart of that group as the audience is informed at the beginning of the poem, he is an office man, an educated man with not a shovel but a â€Å"squat pen† rested in his hand. It is only through a feeling of being at home within himself, and the feelings of home that he has held onto from his past that he can still belong to his ancestors. Although Dayindi belongs to his tribe and the land through his birth rights he needs more than a connection to a place in order to belong. It is only when he learns the process of understanding the laws and accepting his place through a strengthening relationship with his brother that he feels he belongs within himself and ultimately his tribe. The poem ‘Digging’ enforces similar processes of family kinship and understanding how to overcome breaking the law in order to belong within oneself. Through knowing group dynamics and having strong relationships, a deeper sense of belonging is created, a feeling of being at home within yourself. How to cite Belonging Is More Than a Connection to a Place; It Also Means Being at Home Within Yourself and Knowing Who You Are, Papers

History of Vasai free essay sample

Todays Vasai-Virar area has rapidly changed and starting in the 1980s, the change is brought about by a large influx of people due to availability of more affordable housing than in Mumbai (Bombay). History of Vasai dates back to Puranic ages. The present day name of Vasai originates from Sanskrit, Sanskrit word waas meaning dwelling or residence. The name was changed to Basai by Muslims who occupied Vasai before the Portuguese. The Portuguese named it Bacaim. The Marathas renamed it Bajipur. The British named it Bassein and today it is called Vasai. The most significant past in Vasais history is the rein of the Portuguese, since they largely influenced or changed to what Vasai-Virar area is today. Historically, the entire region has attracted traders and merchants from Rome, Greece and Middle East. In 1295 AD the famous Marco Polo visited Thana/Vasai area. The Bassein region ruled by Portuguese in not just Bassein but included areas far away as Bombay, Thane, Kalyan and Chaul (Revdanda) (Chaul Fort Photo). It is located about 50 Kilometers North of Bombay, on the Arabian Sea, at approximately (19 °20N 72 °49E). Bassein, was important trading center, its sources of wealth and trade were horses, fish, salt, timber, stone quarry (basalt and granite) and shipbuilding. It was a significant trading center long before the Portuguese arrived. (Ancient Sopara was a important port in trade with the Arabs and Greeks, Romans and Persians. ). It was also a wealthy agricultural region with rice, betel nut, cotton, and sugar-cane as some of the crops. The Portuguese with their naval power and their crusading valor were unquestioned masters of the Indian Ocean. When the Portuguese arrived, Bassein was under the rule of Bahadur Shah, the Sultan of Gujarat. In 1530 Antonio de   Sylveria burnt the city of Bassein and continued the burning and looting to nearby Bombay, when the King of Thana surrendered islands of Mahim and Bombay. Subsequently, the towns of Thana, Bandora (Bandra Photo), Mahim (Mahim-Mumbai fort photo) and Mombaim (Bombay) were brought under Portuguese control. In 1531, Antonio de Saldahna while returning from Gujarat   to Goa, set fire to Bassein again to punish Bahadur Shah of Gujrat for not ceding Diu. In 1533 Diogo (Heytor) de Sylveira, burnt the entire sea coast from Bandora, Thana, city of Bassein and areas up to Surat. Diogo de Sylveira returned to Goa with 4000 slaves and spoils of pillaging. For the Portuguese, Diu was an important island to protect their trade, which they had to capture. While devising the means to capture Diu, Portuguese General Nuno da Cunha, found out that the governor of Diu was Malik Ayaz whose son Malik Tokan was fortifying Bassein with 14,000 men. Nano da Cunha saw this fortification as a threat. He assembled a fleet of 150 ships with 4000 men and sailed to Bassein. Upon seeing such a formidable naval power, Malik Tokan made overtures of peace to Nano da Cunha. The peace overtures were rejected. Malik Tokan had no option but to fight the Portuguese. The Portuguese landed north of the Bassein and invaded the fortification. Even though the Portuguese were numerically insignificant, they fought with skill and valor killing off most of the enemy soldiers but lost only a handful of their own. On 23 December 1534, the Sultan of Gujarat, signed a treaty with the Portuguese and ceded Bassein with its dependencies of Salsette, Mombaim (Bombay), Parel, Vadala, Siao (Sion), Vorli (Worli) (Worli fort photo), Mazagao (Mazgao), Thana, Bandra, Mahim, Caranja (Uran). In 1536, Nuno da Cunha appointed his brother-in-law   Garcia de Sa as the first Captain/Governor of Bassein. The first corner stone for the Fort was laid by Antonio Galvao. In 1548 the Governorship of Bassein was passed on to Jorge Cabral. Map of Vasai/Bacaim Fort In the second half of 16th century the Portuguese built a new fortress  enclosing a whole town with in the fort walls. The fort included 10 bastions, of these nine were named as: Cavallerio, Nossa Senhora dos Remedios, Reis Magos Santiago, Sao Goncalo, Madre de Deos, Sao Joao, Elefante, Sao Pedro, Sao Paulo and Sao Sebastiao, Sao Sebastiao was also called Potra Pia or pious door of Bassein. It was through this bastion that the Marathas would enter to defeat the Portuguese. There were two medieval gateways, one on seaside called Porta do Mar (Photo) with massive teak gates cased with iron spikes and the other one called Porta da Terra. There were ninety pieces of artillery, 27 of which were made of bronze and seventy mortars, 7 of these mortars were made of bronze. The port was defended by 21 gun boats each carrying 16 to 18 guns. This fort stands till today with the outer shell and ruins of churches. In 1548, St. Francisco Xavier stopped in Bassein, and a portion of the Bassein population was converted to Christianity. In Salsette island, the Portuguese built 9 churches: Nirmal (1557), Remedi (1557), Sandor (1566), Agashi (1568), Nandakhal (1573), Papdi (1574), Pali (1595), Manickpur (1606), Merces (1606). All these beautiful churches are still used by the Christian community of Vasai. In1573 alone  1600 people were baptized. Portuguese seal inside Vasai fort As Bassein prospered under the Portuguese, it came to be known as a Corte  do Norte or Court of the North,   it became a resort to fidalgos or noblemen and richest merchants of Portuguese India. Bassein became so famous that a great Portuguese man would be called Fidalgo ou Cavalheiro de Bacaim or Nobleman of Bassein. Bassein during the Portuguese period was known for the refinement and wealth and splendor of its buildings, palaces and for the beauty of its churches. This Northern Province, included a territory which extended as far as 100 kilometers along the coast, between Damao (Daman) and Mombaim (Bombay), and in some places extended for 30-50 kilometers inland. It was the most productive Indian area under Portuguese rule. From 1611, Bassein and the whole region under the Portuguese had a mint or Casa da Moeda. These old coins were found occasionally during digs and were locally called Firgi paisa. In 1618 Bassein suffered from a succession of disasters. First it was struck by a disease then on May 15, the city was struck by a deadly hurricane/cyclone. It caused considerable damage to the boats, houses and thousands of the coconut trees were uprooted and flattened. The winds pushed sea water into the city. The monasteries and convents of the Franciscans and Augustinians were ruined. The roofs on three largest churches in the city and both the house and the church of the Jesuits were ripped off and ruined almost beyond repair. This storm was followed by so complete a failure of rains which resulted in near famine conditions. In a few months the situation grew so precarious that parents were openly selling their children to Muslim brokers into slavery rather than to starve them to death. The practice was stopped by the Jesuits, partly by saving from their own scanty allowances partly by gifts from the rich. In 1634, Bassein numbered a population of 400 Portuguese families, 200 Christian Indians families and 1800 slaves (possibly from its African colonies). In 1674, Bassein had 2 colleges, 4 convents and 6 churches. At the end of 17th century Bassein reached the height of the prosperity. In 1675, Dr. Fryer who came to treat the daughter of the Captain of Bassein, Joao Mendes, reports that the Captaincy of Bassein was rotated between certain descendants of the conquerors of Bassein. In 1719, the province of Bassein numbered about 60,000 inhabitants, of these were 2,000 Portuguese and 58,000 Christian Indians. As the Portuguese power waned towards the end of the seventeenth century Bassein suffered considerably. In 1674, 600 Arab pirates from Muscat landed at Bassein. The fort garrison panicked and was too scared to oppose the pirates outside the fort walls. The pirates plundered all the churches outside of the fort walls and spared no violence and cruelty towards people of Bassein. In 1674, More Pundit stationed himself in Kalyan, and forced the Portuguese to pay him one-fourth of the Bassein revenues. Two years later Shivaji advanced near Saivan. The importance of Bassein was reduced by transfer of neighboring Bombay island to the British in 1665 (It was a wedding dowry from Catherine Braganza of Portugal to Charles the Second of England). The British had coveted and eyed Bombay for many years before it came into their possession under the terms of the marriage treaty. They had ventured to seize it by force in 1626 and had urged the Directors of the East India Company to purchase it in 1652. The Portuguese in India were however opposed to the cession of Bombay. They retained their hold upon the northern portion of the island, declaring that it was private property but after show of force by the British, Portuguese finally relinquished island of Bombay. The intolerance of the Portuguese to other religions seriously hindered the growth of Bassein or Bombay as a prosperous settlement. Their colonization efforts were not successful because they had gradually divided the lands into estates or fiefs, which were granted as rewards to deserving individuals or to religious orders on a system known as â€Å"aforamentoâ€Å" whereby the grantees were bound to furnish military aid to the king of Portugal or where military service was not deemed necessary, to pay a certain rent. The efficiency of the Portuguese administration was weakened by frequent transfers of officers, and by the practice of allowing the great nobles to remain at court and administer their provinces. They soon became a corrupt and luxurious society based upon slave labor. The cruelties of the Inquisition (from 1560) alienated the native population and the union of Portugal with Spain (1580) deprived the Indian settlements of care of the home government. The Portuguese trade monopoly with Europe could henceforth last only so long as no European rival came upon the scene. By 1736 the Portuguese had been at work for 4 years constructing the fortress of Thana, and aside from the long delays, the workers were unpaid and unfed. The people were tired of the oppression, finally invited the Marathas to take possession of the island of Salsette, preferring their rule to the oppression of the Portuguese. These were some of the factors that weakened Bassein and set stage for attack by Marathas. In 1720, one of the ports of Bassein, Kalyan, was conquered by the Marathas and in 1737, they took possession of Thane including all the forts in Salsette island and the forts of Parsica, Trangipara, Saibana (Present Saivan, south bank of the Tansa river), Ilha das Vaccas (Island of Arnala), Manora (Manor), Sabajo (Sambayo/Shabaz (near Belapur)   present day Belapur fort photo) the hills of Santa Cruz and Santa Maria. The only places in the Northern Provinces that now remained with the Portuguese were Chaul (Revdanda), Caranja, Bandra, Versova, Bassein, Mahim, Quelme (Kelve Photo1) -(Kelve/Mahim), Sirgao (Present day Shirgao Photo), Dahanu Sao Gens (Sanjan), Asserim (Asheri/Asherigad Photo1), Tarapor (Tarapur) and Daman. In November 1738, Marathas led by Chimaji Appa, captured the fort of Dahanu and on 20 January 1739, Mahim capitulated, the loss of Mahim, was speedily followed by the capture of the forts of Quelme -(Kelve/Mahim), Sirgao (present Shirgao), Tarapor (Present day Tarapur   Photo), and Asserim (Asheri/Asherigad Photo2) on 13 February 1739. On 28 March 1739 Portuguese lost the island and the fortress of Caranja. The Marathas first attacked lha das Vaccas (Island of Arnala) (Arnala Photo 1) before attacking the fort of Bassein. This was the prelude to final loss of the city. In February 1739, Chimaji Appa, the Maratha ruler Bajirao Peshwa’s younger brother, attacked Bassein. He first occupied the Versova, Dharavi and blockaded Bassein Creek. The Portuguese sought help from the British in Bombay but they instead sent ammunition and three of their gunners to assist the Marathas. The Marathas were encouraged when they managed to kill the brave Portuguese commandant, Sylveria de Menezes. They then laid 12 mines, two of which exploded causing a breach in the fort wall. When they mounted an assault on the fort, a third mine exploded killing hundreds of Maratha warriors. The Portuguese kept up their defenses by throwing hand grenades and throwing huge stones from mortars, causing havoc among the Marathas. The Marathas finally exploded more mines in the breached wall causing the tower of St. Sebastian to collapse. The Marathas secured a position in the fort from where the Portuguese could not longer defend the fort. The Marathas casualty was about 12,000 killed or wounded while the Portuguese casualty was about 800 killed or wounded, among those killed on the Portuguese side were General Martinho da Sylveira, General Pedro de Mello and Lt. -Colonel Joao Malhao. After a desperate resistance on 16 May 1739 the Portuguese signed surrender. The treaty of surrender stipulated that all the garrison would be allowed to march out of town with full honors of war. Those who wanted to leave had 8 days to take all their movable property and move out. The Portuguese lost eight cities, four chief ports, twenty fortress, two fortified hills, the island of Salsette with the city and the fortress of Thana, Ilha das Vaccas (Island of Arnala), the island of Caranja, and 340 villages. On 19th May 1739, Captain Caetano de Souza Pereira capitulated and handed over the Court of Bassein. They left Bassein on 23 May 1739. The churches and almost all the buildings from fortress were destroyed and looted by the Marathas. The church bells were paraded, carried off on elephant backs as victory souvenirs. One church bell was carried to and located at Naroshankar Temple on the banks of Godavari river in Nasik, Panchavati area. Another church bell is located at Bhimashankar Temple is located in the village of Bhorgiri, near Khed. Third church bell is located at  Meneswar temple in Menavali, near Panchgani. The Maratha ruler Madhavrao Peshwa offered free land grants to Hindus who would settle in Bassein and imposed a tax system to encourage purification/conversion of Christians back into Hinduism. Hindu Temple/Hanuman Mandir(? ) with Tower of Franciscan Church in the background 1750 AD Photo 1)   (Photo 2) After 205 years of uninterrupted Portuguese rule, Bassein was progressively neglected, and the neighboring English Bombay assumed importance in trade and commerce. Painting of Vasai Fort 1780, British Library The English and the Marathas tried not to clash with each other, however when the British heard of Portuguese expedition was being prepared for the recovery of Salsette and Bassein, the British Bombay Government seized that island in 1774. The British tried to negotiate the surrender of the fort but when negotiations failed, a British force was dispatched to take it by force. On December 28, 1774, the fort was stormed, and the greater part of the fort garrison was killed. When Narayan Rao became the fifth Peshwa in 1772, the atmosphere changed. He was killed by his uncle Raghunath Rao, which resulted in a conflict between the Marathas. Raghunath Rao asked the English for help, and they agreed and concluded the Treaty of Surat on March 7, 1775. This ended the neutral relationship between England and India. The English provided 2,500 men. On January 9 1779, they met the Maratha army and were defeated. This completey shattered the prestige of the British army. To retrieve this prestige, the Governor-General, Warren Hastings, decided to send a strong force under the command of Colonel Goddard. Goddard took possession of Ahmedabad on February 15 of 1780 and captured Bassein on December 11, 1780 after 12 days of seige. (Pencil drawing of Vasai/Bassein/Bacaim fort after capture by the British) In 1801 in Poona, Jaswant Rao Holkar rose in rebellion with a huge army and defeated the combined armies of Daulat Rao Sindhia and Peshwa Baji Rao II and captured the city of Poona. Peshwa Baji Rao took refuge in Bassein. The defeated Baji Rao had no hesitation in accepting the Subsidiary Alliance with the British and signed the Treaty of Bassein with East India Company on December 31, 1802. Bassein was renamed to Bajipura or Bajipur. This was restoration to the original name and not to be confused with the fact that  Peshwa Baji Rao had taken up residence in Bassein. The provisions of the treaty provided an English force of 6,000 to be permanently stationed with the Peshwa. In turn and for the maintenance of the army, districts yielding twenty six lakh rupees were given to the East India Company. The treaty restricted Peshwa from entering into any treaty or declare war without consulting the East India Company. The Peshwa also renounced his claim over Surat. On May 13, 1803 Baji Rao II was restored as Peshwa under the protection of the British. The treaty of Bassein eventually led to expansion and influence of the East India Company over the Indian subcontinent. In 1860 the Great Indian Peninsular (GIP) (present Central Railway) and the Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway (BB;CI) (present Western Railway) were started and a regular service of steamers on the west coast was commenced in 1869. These included railway stations of Naigaon, Bassein, Nalasopara and Virar. The Bassein creek was connected by a steel bridge called Cooley Bridge (Bhyander Bridge) (Vasai Fort as seen from Bhyander Bridge in 1850 Photo). In 1927 the first electric locomotives manufactured by Metropolitan Vickers of England were put into service up to Poona and Igatpuri on the GIP railway and later electric multiple rake commuter trains ran up to Virar on the BB;CI railway. Stamps issued in Portugal to commemorate 450th anniversary of founding of Portuguese Bacaim (Vasai) and Portuguese Mombaim (Bombay/Mumbai)